Host restriction – human-adapted Salmonella serovars Which of the following Salmonella are primarily human pathogens (human-restricted/host-adapted), classically causing enteric fever rather than broad zoonoses?

Introduction / Context:
Enteric (typhoid) fever is mainly caused by human-adapted Salmonella enterica serovars, which differ in host range and disease manifestations from broad host-range serovars that cause gastroenteritis.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A/B are classically human-restricted.
• They cause systemic enteric fever with bacteremia and reticuloendothelial involvement.
• Non-typhoidal Salmonella (e.g., S. Typhimurium) commonly have animal reservoirs.

Concept / Approach:
Human-restricted serovars have evolved specific virulence traits (e.g., Vi antigen in S. Typhi) and epidemiology centered on human-to-human transmission via contaminated food and water. Recognizing these serovars guides clinical suspicion and public health interventions (vaccination, sanitation).

Step-by-Step Solution:
List the human-adapted serovars: Typhi, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B.Confirm that each is primarily a human pathogen.Select the inclusive option.

Verification / Alternative check:
Standard medical microbiology texts consistently categorize Typhi and Paratyphi A/B as human-adapted; outbreaks center on human carriers and fecal–oral transmission.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Each single serovar option is correct but incomplete.
• S. Typhimurium only: primarily zoonotic, not human-restricted.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing non-typhoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis with enteric fever; they differ in pathogenesis and host range.

Final Answer:
All of these.