Pile foundations — typical situations where piles are preferred For which of the following site/structure conditions are pile foundations particularly suitable in civil engineering practice?

Introduction / Context:
Pile foundations transfer loads to deeper, stronger strata or mobilize skin friction when near-surface soils are weak or problematic. Recognizing appropriate use-cases is fundamental in foundation selection.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Normal building/bridge loads considered.
• Shallow soils may be weak, compressible, or submerged.
• Economic and constructibility aspects are typical.

Concept / Approach:

Piles are widely adopted in waterlogged soils where excavations for shallow footings are impractical and effective stress is low. They can also serve under multistorey buildings that require deep bearing strata; however, as a single best answer, “waterlogged soils” is the classical textbook case highlighting the advantage of piles over shallow excavations in wet ground.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Construction in tidal/riverine zones and high-water-table urban sites commonly relies on piles for both capacity and constructibility.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Soft rock may accept socketed piles but is not the single defining use-case.
• Compact soils usually permit economical shallow foundations.
• Multistoreyed buildings often use piles, but the question seeks a soil condition rather than a structural type.

Common Pitfalls:

• Equating “deep foundation” automatically with high-rise; soil profile is the driver.

Final Answer:

Waterlogged soils.