Types of aerial photographs and scale variation: Which statements correctly describe vertical vs. oblique aerial photos and their mapping use?

Introduction / Context:
Aerial photography is broadly classified into vertical and oblique based on camera orientation. The classification influences scale stability, relief displacement, and suitability for precise mapping versus reconnaissance.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Standard frame cameras and stable flight conditions.
• Vertical photos have minimal tilt; oblique photos have deliberate or incidental tilt.
• Accuracy refers to planimetric mapping needs.

Concept / Approach:
Vertical photographs minimize tilt-induced distortions and provide more uniform scale, which is ideal for precise mapping and photogrammetry. Oblique photographs, taken with the optical axis intentionally tilted, are useful for perspective views and reconnaissance but suffer from large and uneven scale variation.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Confirm that aerial photos may be vertical or oblique → true.Vertical photo definition → camera axis pointing downward → true.Accurate mapping → vertical photos preferred → true.Scale variation → larger in oblique photos → true.Hence, all listed statements are correct.

Verification / Alternative check:
Photogrammetric block adjustment assumes near-vertical images with limited tilt to keep scale variation manageable and predictable.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Selecting any single statement ignores the full set of correct descriptions.

Common Pitfalls:
Using oblique images for measurements without appropriate rectification leads to large planimetric errors.

Final Answer:
All of the above.