Geographical sign conventions — identify the incorrect longitude sign Which of the following statements about the signs of latitude and longitude is incorrect?

Introduction / Context:
Mapping and GPS computations adopt a consistent sign convention for latitude and longitude. Misunderstanding the sign can flip hemispheres and lead to large positional errors.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Standard geodetic convention is used.
• Positive and negative refer to numerical signs.

Concept / Approach:

The usual convention assigns: latitude north positive, latitude south negative; longitude east positive, longitude west negative. Therefore, statements claiming east is negative or west is positive are incorrect.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Most GIS and GPS data formats (e.g., WGS84) follow this convention; some local systems may adopt alternatives but are rare.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• (a) and (b) are correct statements and not “incorrect”.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing the sign convention with Easting/Northing coordinates in projected systems.

Final Answer:

Both (c) and (d) of the above.