Difficulty: Easy
Correct Answer: Dead load includes self-weight of the structure plus superimposed loads permanently attached
Explanation:
Introduction / Context:
Accurate characterization of loads is critical for safe and economical design. Dead loads represent permanent, stationary actions on a structure and are the first inputs estimated when sizing beams, columns, and foundations.
Given Data / Assumptions:
Concept / Approach:
Dead loads are permanent: structural self-weight, floor finishes, roofing, partitions that are fixed, cladding, and permanently attached equipment. They do not migrate spatially and their magnitude is predictable from quantities and densities. In contrast, live loads vary with occupancy and usage, both in magnitude and location.
Step-by-Step Solution:
List dead-load components (self-weight + fixed attachments).Use unit weights (e.g., concrete, steel, masonry) and dimensions to estimate magnitudes at the outset.Recognize that dead load classification excludes position-varying loads.
Verification / Alternative check:
Codes define dead loads as permanent, immovable loads; live loads are moveable and variable. Estimation tables confirm designers compute dead loads at concept stage to select preliminary sizes and then refine as detailing progresses.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Common Pitfalls:
Final Answer:
Dead load includes self-weight of the structure plus superimposed loads permanently attached.
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