Riveted plate connection behavior: which statements correctly relate gauge distance, pitch, and the likely failure path through rivet holes?

Introduction / Context:
In tension members with multiple rivet lines, the net section resisting tension depends on hole layout. The interplay between longitudinal spacing (pitch) and transverse spacing (gauge) influences whether the critical net path is straight or zig-zag, affecting net area and strength.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Pitch = center-to-center spacing along a rivet line.
• Gauge = spacing between parallel rivet lines, measured perpendicular to the line.
• Holes reduce net area; diagonal paths traverse fewer or more holes depending on layout.

Concept / Approach:
When gauge is large compared with pitch, a diagonal (zig-zag) path can bypass more material between holes, potentially controlling the net section. When gauge is small, the shortest failure path is often straight across. When gauge equals pitch, relative hole diameter becomes more influential on the effective net area and the preferred failure path.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Relate larger gauge to diagonal ligaments leading to zig-zag failure. Relate smaller gauge to straight net section at right angles. For gauge ≈ pitch, increasing hole diameter reduces ligaments, increasing failure likelihood. Thus, all statements are valid.

Verification / Alternative check:
Net section calculations add a zig-zag correction term based on staggered pitch, confirming the sensitivity to gauge and pitch combinations.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Selecting any single case ignores the others that are also correct and commonly encountered in practice.

Common Pitfalls:

• Using gross area instead of net area when holes are present.

Final Answer:
All the above.