PLATE BOUNDARIES — Outcomes of collision and subduction Question: Which geologic phenomena are commonly associated with convergent plate boundaries where collision and/or subduction occur?

Introduction / Context:
Convergent plate boundaries are zones where plates collide or one plate dives beneath another (subduction). These regions are tectonically active and produce several hallmark features that define the Pacific “Ring of Fire” and major mountain belts.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Collision can be continent–continent or ocean–continent.
• Subduction typically involves oceanic lithosphere descending beneath another plate.
• We examine typical outcomes rather than rare exceptions.

Concept / Approach:
Subduction zones host deep to shallow earthquakes along the Wadati–Benioff zone, volcanic arcs fueled by melting of the mantle wedge, and arcuate chains of islands where oceanic plates subduct beneath other oceanic plates. Continental collision produces intense seismicity and mountain building.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify subduction: expect frequent earthquakes due to slab movement.Add mantle-wedge melting and volatile flux → arc volcanism.Recognize ocean–ocean subduction → island arcs; ocean–continent → continental arcs.Therefore, all listed features occur: volcanoes, island arcs, and earthquakes.

Verification / Alternative check:
Global maps show narrow belts of seismicity and volcanism tracing convergent margins (e.g., Japan, Andes, Aleutians).

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Picking any single feature ignores the multi-hazard nature of convergent margins.“None of the above” contradicts abundant observational evidence.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming only volcanoes define subduction zones. Earthquakes and arc topography are equally diagnostic.

Final Answer:
All of the above