Odd parity generation — which data words require a parity bit of 1? In an odd-parity system, the parity bit is chosen so that the total number of 1s (data bits + parity) is odd. For which of the following data words will the parity bit equal 1?

Introduction / Context:
Parity bits provide simple error detection on serial links and memory. For odd parity, we set the parity bit so that the overall count of 1s is odd. The question asks you to determine, for several example data words, whether the parity bit should be 1 or 0.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Odd-parity convention: total number of 1s (including the parity bit) must be odd.
• We consider only single additional parity bit (not multi-bit ECC).
• No endianness concerns affect the count of 1s.

Concept / Approach:
Let ones(data) be the number of 1s in the data. If ones(data) is even, choose parity=1 to make even+1 = odd. If ones(data) is odd, choose parity=0 to keep the total odd. Therefore, parity bit equals 1 exactly when ones(data) is even.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Count ones in 1010011: 1+0+1+0+0+1+1 = 4 (even) → parity = 1.Count ones in 1111000: 1+1+1+1+0+0+0 = 4 (even) → parity = 1.Count ones in 1100000: 1+1+0+0+0+0+0 = 2 (even) → parity = 1.Thus all three require parity bit = 1 in an odd-parity system.

Verification / Alternative check:
Append the parity bit and recount: totals become 5, 5, and 3 respectively — each odd, satisfying the rule.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each individual option (a–c) is true, so selecting only one would exclude the other correct cases. Therefore “All of the above” is the only fully correct choice.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing odd and even parity conventions; assuming parity depends on bit order (it does not); forgetting to recount after appending the parity bit.

Final Answer:
All of the above