For plain primary sedimentation tanks, what is a typical range of surface overflow rate (also called overflow loading) expressed in litres per square metre per day?

Introduction / Context:
The surface overflow rate (SOR) is a primary sizing parameter for sedimentation tanks. It represents the flow per unit surface area and is linked to the theoretical particle settling velocity required for removal.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Plain primary sedimentation for municipal wastewater.
• Typical design at average temperatures and normal solids loading.

Concept / Approach:
For primary clarifiers, typical SOR values fall roughly in the 25,000–35,000 L/m²/day range (about 25–35 m³/m²/day). Designing within this band helps achieve reliable removal of settleable solids without excessive tankage or sludge blanket disturbance.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Select the range reflecting common practice for primary clarifiers.Avoid higher SORs that risk insufficient settling or scouring under peak flow.Thus, 25,000–35,000 L/m²/day is appropriate.

Verification / Alternative check:
Operational data across utilities show primary clarifiers meeting performance criteria with SORs near this band, adjusting for temperature and solids loading.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• 40,000–60,000 and higher: more typical of secondary clarifiers under certain conditions or risk poor primary solids capture.
• 80,000–100,000: too high for primary sedimentation in most cases.
• None of these: incorrect because a standard range is provided.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing primary and secondary clarifier SORs; neglecting peak-flow checks that may require additional area or flow equalization.

Final Answer:
25,000 to 35,000 litres/sq m/day.