Fire demand estimation: Which is considered the most satisfactory formula for estimating the fire demand (Q) for an Indian city of population P (in thousands)?
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AKuichling’s formula
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BFreeman’s formula
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CBuston’s formula
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DNational Board of Fire formula (NBFU)
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ENone of these
Answer
Correct Answer: Freeman’s formula
Explanation
Introduction / Context:Estimating fire demand is an essential part of designing a water supply system. Different empirical formulas exist, but for Indian conditions, Freeman’s formula is considered the most satisfactory.
Given Data / Assumptions:
- Population of city: P (in thousands).
- Fire demand: Q (litres per minute).
- Empirical formulas vary by country and conditions.
Concept / Approach:Freeman’s formula is adapted for Indian urban conditions. It estimates fire demand considering both population size and density of development.
Step-by-Step Solution:
1. Identify requirement → Fire demand Q.2. Consider available formulas → Kuichling, Freeman, Buston, NBFU.3. For Indian practice, the recommended formula is Freeman’s.Verification / Alternative check:CPHEEO (Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organisation) guidelines recommend Freeman’s formula for Indian water supply design, validating this choice.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
- Kuichling’s formula: Used in the USA, less suited to Indian densities.
- Buston’s formula: Applied in limited contexts, not standard in India.
- NBFU formula: A US standard, not adopted in Indian codes.
- None of these: Wrong because Freeman’s formula is accepted in India.
Common Pitfalls:
- Assuming any international formula applies universally.
- Confusing fire demand with per capita domestic demand.
Final Answer:Freeman’s formula