In which present day region is the ancient Indus Valley site of Mohenjo daro located?

Introduction / Context:
Mohenjo daro is one of the most famous urban centres of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. It is often mentioned in school and competitive examinations as a key archaeological site that helps historians understand early urban planning, drainage, and social life in South Asia. Many learners confuse its location with other regions of India, so this question checks whether you know the present day political region where Mohenjo daro is situated.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Mohenjo daro was a major city of the Indus Valley or Harappan Civilization.
• The question asks about its present day location, not ancient territorial names.
• Options mention Indian states as well as neighbouring countries and regions.

Concept / Approach:
To answer this question, you need basic knowledge of the geography of the Indus Valley Civilization and how modern national boundaries overlay those ancient regions. Many major Harappan sites like Harappa and Mohenjo daro now lie in present day Pakistan, while others such as Dholavira are in India. The key concept is to link the ancient site of Mohenjo daro with the modern province in which archaeologists found it.

Step by Step Solution:
Step 1: Recall that Mohenjo daro is located on the banks of the Indus River. Step 2: Remember that the Indus River today flows mainly through Pakistan. Step 3: Mohenjo daro is situated near the lower course of the Indus River. Step 4: This region corresponds to the Sindh province in present day Pakistan. Step 5: Therefore, among the options, Sindh province of Pakistan is the correct choice.

Verification / Alternative check:
A quick way to verify is to recall the list of famous Harappan sites and their modern locations. Harappa is in Punjab province of Pakistan, Mohenjo daro is in Sindh province of Pakistan, and Dholavira and Lothal are in modern India. If you remember this trio, you can confidently assign Mohenjo daro to Sindh. Atlas maps and school textbooks on ancient India also show Mohenjo daro within the boundaries of Sindh, which confirms the answer.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Gujarat in India: Gujarat has important Harappan sites such as Dholavira and Lothal, but not Mohenjo daro, so this option is incorrect.
Punjab region of India: Harappa is in the Punjab region of Pakistan, not India, and Mohenjo daro is even further south in Sindh, so this option is misleading.
Afghanistan: Some ancient sites related to Indus culture exist near Afghanistan, but Mohenjo daro is not among them, so this option is also wrong.

Common Pitfalls:
Learners often mix up Harappa and Mohenjo daro or assume that all Indus Valley sites are in India because they study them in Indian history. Another common mistake is confusing Sindh with Gujarat due to the shared Arabian Sea coastline. It is important to separate the different key sites in memory and tie each one to a specific present day state or province.

Final Answer:
The ancient site of Mohenjo daro is located in the Sindh province of Pakistan.