Bearing capacity definitions: The maximum net pressure intensity that causes shear failure of the foundation soil is termed as which capacity?

Introduction / Context:
Foundation design differentiates between ultimate capacities (at failure) and safe/allowable pressures (factored down for service). Net versus gross also matters: net subtracts the overburden at foundation level, while gross includes it. The question asks specifically about the maximum net pressure that causes shear failure.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Failure is defined by shear failure in the supporting soil.
• Net pressure = applied contact pressure minus overburden at foundation level.
• No settlement criteria are implied in the term “ultimate”.

Concept / Approach:

Definitions: Gross ultimate q_u (gross) causes failure. Net ultimate q_nu = q_u − γ D_f removes the contribution of the soil overburden. Safe or allowable pressures are obtained by applying a factor of safety or by satisfying serviceability (settlement) limits.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Design manuals define q_nu explicitly as the net pressure at failure, confirming option (c).

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

(a) and (b) are service values; (d) is ultimate but gross, not net; (e) is a design pressure, not a failure capacity.

Common Pitfalls:

Confusing gross and net; using allowable pressure without checking settlement criteria.

Final Answer:

Net ultimate bearing capacity