After independence, who played the leading role in the political integration of the princely states into the Indian Union?

Introduction / Context:
At the time of Indian independence in 1947, the subcontinent was divided not only into British provinces but also into hundreds of princely states ruled by local monarchs. Integrating these states into a single Indian Union was a major political and diplomatic challenge. The leader most closely associated with this task is Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, often called the Iron Man of India.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The question concerns the integration of princely states after independence.
• The options include C Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Dr B R Ambedkar.
• We must identify the leader who headed the States Ministry and spearheaded the process of accession.

Concept / Approach:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, as Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, was in charge of the new States Ministry, assisted by V P Menon. Together they negotiated with rulers, used persuasion and sometimes pressure, and succeeded in securing instruments of accession from the vast majority of princely states. Nehru played a broader role as Prime Minister, Ambedkar was key in drafting the Constitution, and Azad focused on education and communal harmony. Recognising Patel's specific portfolio and achievements allows us to pick the correct answer.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Political histories of independent India consistently credit Patel with unifying the country by bringing princely states into the Union. He is often compared to Bismarck of Germany for this achievement. While other leaders supported the process, Patel's leadership and decision making were central, which confirms that he is the correct response.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• C Rajagopalachari: A senior statesman and the last Governor General of India, but not the main architect of integration of princely states.
• Jawaharlal Nehru: As Prime Minister, he provided overall leadership, yet the specific task of integrating princely states fell to Patel.
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: Focused more on education, culture and communal harmony than on state integration.
• Dr B R Ambedkar: Played a historic role as Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution rather than in integrating princely states.

Common Pitfalls:
Students sometimes choose Nehru because he was the Prime Minister and a central figure in all major decisions. However, exam questions about princely state integration almost always point to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. A helpful association is to remember him as the Iron Man and unifier of India, responsible for the political map of the modern nation.

Final Answer:
Correct answer: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.