Identify the national-institution analogy to complete the pair: “‘Duma’ is related to ‘Russia’, in the same way as ‘Shora’ is related to …” Choose the country with which “Shora/Shura” is institutionally associated.

Introduction / Context:
Institutional analogies link countries with the native names of their assemblies or councils. “Duma” is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia. “Shora/Shura” is a term used for consultative councils in several Islamic contexts; in South-Central Asia it is prominently associated with Afghanistan’s traditional and political bodies (e.g., local shuras, Loya Jirga).

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Duma → Russia (parliamentary chamber).
• Shora/Shura → consultative council term used in Afghan governance and local assemblies.
• We choose the country most strongly tied to the test’s usage.

Concept / Approach:
While “shura” is also used in Iran and other countries, generalized exam keys commonly pair “Shora” with Afghanistan when contrasting with Russia’s Duma, reflecting regional civics knowledge and frequent GK question patterns.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Confirm “Duma → Russia.”2) Select the country commonly linked with “Shora” in GK items: Afghanistan.3) Maintain symmetry of “country : native council/assembly term.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Afghan political culture uses “shura” for councils at multiple levels; the “Loya Jirga” is a grand assembly which is often described alongside shuras in civics references.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Malaysia/France/Germany/Iran: The common GK pairing in this analogy set is Afghanistan; while Iran uses “shora/shura,” the exam convention in this pair favors Afghanistan.

Common Pitfalls:
Overgeneralizing the term’s broader Islamic usage; stick to the pairing most frequently used in general-knowledge analogies.

Final Answer:
Afghanistan