Hybrid logic technologies: Several manufacturers combined desirable TTL drive and CMOS low-power/high-density traits. This mixed technology family is called ________.

Introduction / Context:
Digital logic families evolved to balance speed, power, and drive strength. TTL provides strong drive and robust noise margins, while CMOS offers low static power and high density. Industry responded with mixed bipolar–CMOS processes that capture the advantages of both worlds in one device class.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• TTL (bipolar) technology: strong drive, faster edges, but higher static power.
• CMOS technology: very low static power, high input impedance, scalable density.
• Mixed technology that intentionally combines bipolar and CMOS on the same die.

Concept / Approach:
BiCMOS integrates bipolar transistors for high-speed analog/digital interfaces and strong output stages with CMOS logic cores for low power and high integration. The result is improved performance where both high-speed transitions and energy efficiency are important, such as clock drivers and high-fan-out control signals.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Vendor literature describes BiCMOS output stages supplying higher current than pure CMOS while maintaining lower power than pure bipolar solutions.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• 12L: Integrated injection logic, not a bipolar–CMOS hybrid.
• 74ACT/74HCT: CMOS families with TTL-compatible levels, not bipolar+CMOS process integration.
• ECL-CMOS Hybrid: Not the common industry term; the standard term is BiCMOS.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming TTL-compatible CMOS (HCT/ACT) implies bipolar devices; conflating output drive specs with underlying process.

Final Answer:
BiCMOS