Question 1

In English vocabulary, which option is nearest in meaning to the adjective EGREGIOUS, used for something outstandingly and shockingly bad?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Vocabulary questions often test your understanding of less common adjectives that appear in formal writing, exams and editorials. The word egregious is one such term. It describes something that is not just bad but extremely or shockingly bad. This question asks you to choose the option that comes closest in meaning to this word. Given Data / Assumptions: The target word is EGREGIOUS, an English adjective. It usually describes mistakes, offences or behaviour. The options include words with different shades of meaning. We assume the context of formal or exam oriented English usage. Concept / Approach: Egregious typically means outstandingly bad, flagrant or shockingly wrong. It is used for serious errors, violations or conduct that stands out in a very negative way. Among the choices, atrocious has a similar sense of extremely bad, horrible or appalling. The other options either suggest something ordinary or only mildly negative, so atrocious is the nearest match in meaning. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that egregious is used in phrases such as egregious error, egregious misconduct or egregious violation. Step 2: Understand that in all such phrases, the idea is of something extremely serious and unacceptable. Step 3: Look at the options and compare their meanings: common means ordinary, social relates to society, plain means simple and careless means not paying attention. Atrocious, however, directly suggests extremely bad or horrifying. Step 4: Conclude that atrocious is the nearest synonym among the given choices. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by checking example sentences in your mind. If you say an atrocious crime or an atrocious act, it clearly conveys great severity. Replacing egregious with atrocious in many editorial style sentences usually preserves the meaning. On the other hand, using common or plain in place of egregious completely changes the sense, showing that they do not match the original tone. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Common: Means ordinary, usual or widespread. It does not convey the strong negative intensity that egregious carries. Social: Relates to society or interaction between people and has no built in sense of good or bad. Plain: Means simple, clear or not decorated. It is neutral and does not mean extremely bad. Careless: Suggests lack of attention, which can be negative but is often used for minor mistakes rather than shocking wrongdoing. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes misinterpret egregious as merely noticeable or uncommon and then look for a word like plain or common by mistake. Another issue is confusing it with gregarious, which is completely different and means sociable. To avoid these errors, focus on context: if the word appears with error, violation or misconduct, egregious almost always intensifies the negativity, aligning best with atrocious. Final Answer: The option nearest in meaning to EGREGIOUS is atrocious, which also describes something extremely and shockingly bad.

Question 2

Which scientist and physician is credited with discovering the protozoan germs that cause malaria in humans?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Malaria is a serious infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Identifying the actual germs that cause malaria was a major milestone in medical science. This question asks which scientist first discovered these malaria parasites in human blood. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on the germs that cause malaria, not simply on mosquitoes or treatment. The pathogens are protozoa visible under a microscope in blood smears. The options list several important microbiologists and physicians. We assume awareness that malaria is not caused by bacteria or viruses. Concept / Approach: Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, a French army surgeon, observed parasites in the blood of patients suffering from malaria in Algeria in the nineteenth century. He saw pigmented bodies and later identified them as the causative organisms. This work earned him a Nobel Prize and established the protozoan nature of malaria. Therefore, he is credited with discovering the malaria causing germs. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Remember that malaria is caused by protozoa, not bacteria or viruses. Step 2: Recall that Laveran was the first to see these protozoan parasites in human blood and connect them with malaria symptoms. Step 3: Compare with Ivanovsky and Beijerinck, who studied viruses in plants, and Christiaan Barnard, who performed heart transplants. Step 4: Conclude that Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Medical history timelines list Laveran as the discoverer of the malaria parasite. Ross later worked on the mosquito transmission cycle, but the first demonstration of parasites in human blood is attributed to Laveran. Because the question specifically mentions malaria causing germs, not its transmission, this distinction confirms that Laveran is the correct choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Christiaan Barnard: Famous for performing the first successful human heart transplant, not for malaria research. Dmitri Ivanovsky: Pioneer in virology, who studied tobacco mosaic disease in plants. Martinus Willem Beijerinck: Also an early virologist, who proposed the concept of viruses, not malaria protozoa. Louis Pasteur: A major figure in microbiology and vaccination, but not the first to identify malaria parasites. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes choose Louis Pasteur because they associate him with many discoveries in microbiology, or they confuse malaria parasites with bacteria and think of Koch or Pasteur. To avoid this, remember that malaria involves a protozoan parasite and that Laveran is the name linked directly with this discovery in standard general knowledge references. Final Answer: The malaria causing protozoan germs in human blood were discovered by Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran.

Question 3

Which inventor developed dynamite, a powerful explosive based on stabilised nitroglycerin that transformed mining and construction?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Dynamite is an explosive that made blasting rock and earth much more efficient and relatively safer compared with handling pure nitroglycerin. The invention of dynamite had a big impact on mining, tunnel construction and even warfare. This question asks you to identify the inventor who developed this stabilised explosive. Given Data / Assumptions: The explosive mentioned is dynamite, not ordinary gunpowder. Dynamite is based on nitroglycerin absorbed in an inert material. The inventor became a famous industrialist and later funded international prizes. The options list names from different scientific and industrial fields. Concept / Approach: Alfred Nobel, a Swedish chemist and engineer, discovered that nitroglycerin could be stabilised by absorbing it into a material such as diatomaceous earth. This mixture could be shaped into sticks and was far easier to handle and transport safely. He patented this product as dynamite and built a large business around it. The wealth he earned later funded the Nobel Prizes, which honour achievements in science, literature and peace. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the distinctive word dynamite and recall common textbook statements such as dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel. Step 2: Recognise that J. B. Dunlop is associated with tyre development and pneumatic tyres, not explosives. Step 3: Observe that the other names listed are not widely connected with explosive invention in standard general knowledge. Step 4: Conclude that Alfred Nobel is the correct inventor. Verification / Alternative check: A quick check is to link the phrase Nobel Prize with the same person who invented dynamite. Textbooks often highlight the irony that wealth from explosives funded prizes promoting science and peace. None of the other names in the options match this story, which confirms that Alfred Nobel is the appropriate answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: J. B. Dunlop: Associated with the development of pneumatic tyres for bicycles and vehicles. James Simons: Known as a mathematician and hedge fund manager, not for dynamite. Peter Hargreaves: Not credited in major references as the inventor of dynamite. Michael Faraday: An important figure in electromagnetism and electrochemistry, but not the creator of dynamite. Common Pitfalls: Occasionally, learners confuse the names of famous chemists and might guess Faraday due to his high profile in science history. Another pitfall is not reading the word dynamite carefully and thinking only about general explosives. By remembering the clear connection between Alfred Nobel, dynamite and the Nobel Prizes, you can avoid these mistakes easily. Final Answer: Dynamite was developed and patented by Alfred Nobel.

Question 4

Who is widely credited with inventing and demonstrating the first working television system that could transmit moving images?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Television technology allows moving images and sound to be transmitted over distance. Many inventors worked on components such as scanning, transmission and display, but general knowledge questions often focus on the person who gave the first public demonstrations of a working television system. This question asks you to identify that pioneer. Given Data / Assumptions: The subject is a working television system that transmits moving images. The emphasis is on demonstration and practical invention, not just theory. The options list scientists and inventors associated with electricity and communication. We assume awareness that this work took place in the early twentieth century. Concept / Approach: John Logie Baird, a Scottish inventor, is widely credited with inventing and demonstrating one of the first working television systems. In the nineteen twenties, he used mechanical scanning to send live images over wires and later over radio. His demonstrations, including the transmission of human faces and the first transatlantic television signal, made television a practical reality in the public mind. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that John Logie Baird name frequently appears in history of television chapters. Step 2: Recognise that Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry were earlier scientists who worked on electromagnetism, not television systems. Step 3: Note that Abbe Caselli worked on early facsimile telegraph systems and Marconi on radio communication, but neither is primarily remembered for television demonstrations. Step 4: Therefore, the person widely credited with inventing the first working television system is John Logie Baird. Verification / Alternative check: Standard general knowledge books and examinations usually pair television invention with John Logie Baird, although they sometimes also mention other contributors. When you see a question asking who invented television, Baird is the expected answer at this level. The consistency of this association across many sources confirms that he should be selected here. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Michael Faraday: Pioneer in electromagnetism and electrochemistry, but his work predated television by many decades. Joseph Henry: An American scientist known for contributions to electromagnetism, not for television. Abbe Caselli: Associated with pantelegraph and early fax like devices, not full motion television. Guglielmo Marconi: Known for wireless telegraphy and radio, which are related fields but distinct from television invention. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse radio and television inventors because both involve sending signals over distance. Marconi name is strongly tied to wireless communication, so some people choose him by mistake. To avoid this, remember the simple pairings: Marconi and radio, Baird and television. Keeping these matched pairs in mind helps you answer quickly and accurately. Final Answer: John Logie Baird is widely credited with inventing and demonstrating the first working television system.

Question 5

Which early microscopist is credited with discovering bacteria by observing tiny living cells through his handcrafted lenses?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Bacteria are microscopic single celled organisms that play major roles in health, disease and the environment. The discovery of bacteria required powerful lenses and careful observation. This question asks which early microscopist is credited with first observing and describing bacteria using simple handcrafted microscopes. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on the first discovery of bacteria, not later classification or disease links. The discovery involved direct observation through lenses. The options list several scientists from the history of biology and microbiology. We assume familiarity with basic names in the development of microbiology. Concept / Approach: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch tradesman and self taught scientist, made very fine single lens microscopes. In the seventeenth century he examined samples of pond water, plaque and other materials and described tiny living organisms, which included bacteria and protozoa. He sent detailed letters about these observations to the Royal Society, earning him recognition as the discoverer of bacteria and other microscopic life forms. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Leeuwenhoek is often called the father of microbiology. Step 2: Recognise that he used powerful single lens microscopes to see what he called animalcules, many of which were bacteria. Step 3: Distinguish his role from Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, who came later and studied specific bacterial diseases and vaccination. Step 4: Conclude that Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Almost every microbiology textbook begins its historical overview by mentioning Leeuwenhoek observations of bacteria and protozoa. The names Koch and Pasteur appear later in connection with germ theory and specific pathogens. Because the question asks who discovered bacteria, not who proved the germ theory of disease, Leeuwenhoek stands out as the right choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Robert Brown: Known for discovering the cell nucleus and describing Brownian motion, not for discovering bacteria. Robert Hooke: Coined the term cell when looking at cork, but did not first observe bacteria. Robert Koch: Demonstrated that specific bacteria cause specific diseases but lived long after bacteria were first seen. Louis Pasteur: Worked on fermentation and vaccination, and supported the germ theory, but did not make the first discovery of bacteria. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes choose Koch or Pasteur because they strongly associate these names with bacteria and disease. However, the question is specifically about first discovery under the microscope, which clearly belongs to Leeuwenhoek. Keeping the timeline in mind helps: Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria first, and later scientists built on his work to develop modern microbiology and medicine. Final Answer: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek is credited with discovering bacteria by observing them through his handcrafted microscopes.

Question 6

Zacharias Jansen, a Dutch spectacle maker, is traditionally credited with inventing which important optical instrument?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Optical instruments such as microscopes and telescopes changed the way humans see the world, revealing structures that are either very small or very distant. One early figure in this history is Zacharias Jansen, a spectacle maker from the Netherlands. This question asks which key instrument he is traditionally credited with inventing. Given Data / Assumptions: The person named is Zacharias Jansen, an early lens maker. The time period is the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century. The options include different devices, some optical and some non optical. We assume general awareness of which devices existed in that era. Concept / Approach: Zacharias Jansen is often mentioned in historical accounts as being involved in the invention of the compound microscope, which uses more than one lens to achieve higher magnification. Although exact historical details are debated, general knowledge sources usually credit him with this invention. The compound microscope became a fundamental tool in biology and medicine, allowing the study of cells and micro organisms. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the fact that Jansen was a spectacle maker working with lenses, which points to optical instruments. Step 2: Recognise that the jet engine and electric lamp are much later inventions outside the period in which Jansen lived. Step 3: Remember that Jansen name is linked in many textbooks to the compound microscope, not to telescopes or lighting devices. Step 4: Conclude that the correct answer is the compound microscope. Verification / Alternative check: In general knowledge and biology histories, you often read that Jansen and his father may have assembled the first compound microscopes by placing multiple lenses in a tube. While other inventors such as Galileo and Hooke also built instruments, the specific association compound microscope and Jansen is common. This pattern provides a good check for your answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Jet engine: A twentieth century invention related to advanced engineering, not seventeenth century optics. Radium based lamp: Radium as an element was discovered centuries later, so this cannot be Jansen invention. Electric lamp: Developed in the nineteenth century by inventors such as Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan, not by early spectacle makers. Telescope: Often credited to Hans Lippershey or Galileo, rather than to Jansen. Common Pitfalls: A common confusion is between early microscopes and telescopes, since both use lenses and early makers sometimes experimented with both. To avoid mixing them, remember that Jansen is more strongly linked with looking at very small objects, while names like Galileo are linked with viewing distant celestial bodies. This distinction helps you match Jansen with the compound microscope. Final Answer: Zacharias Jansen is traditionally credited with inventing the compound microscope.

Question 7

Which American entrepreneur and innovator is regarded as the inventor who revolutionised frozen foods for commercial sale?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Frozen foods are now a common part of supermarket shelves, allowing long term storage of vegetables, meat and ready to cook meals. The commercial success of frozen foods depended on developing quick freezing methods that preserved taste and texture. This question asks which innovator is regarded as the key figure who turned frozen foods into a practical and popular industry. Given Data / Assumptions: The subject is frozen foods as a commercial product. We focus on the innovator who developed improved freezing methods. The options include inventors from unrelated fields. We assume awareness that this development took place in the twentieth century. Concept / Approach: Clarence Birdseye, an American entrepreneur, observed traditional freezing practices in very cold climates and realised that rapid freezing at low temperatures preserved food quality better than slow freezing. He developed equipment for quick freezing foods in thin packages, which allowed large scale production and sale. His innovations laid the foundation for the modern frozen food industry, and the Birdseye brand still reflects his influence. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that frozen food technology relates to food processing and refrigeration, not explosives or vacuum cleaners. Step 2: Recall that Clarence Birdseye name is closely associated with quick freezing and frozen vegetables and fish. Step 3: Recognise that Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, Frank Whittle worked on jet engines and Ives McGaffey invented an early vacuum cleaner, none of which relate to frozen foods. Step 4: Therefore, Clarence Birdseye is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Supermarket histories and food technology overviews often mention Birdseye as the pioneer who transformed frozen foods from a small specialty into a major industry. Some products still carry his name. Seeing that no other option has such a strong connection with food freezing, you can confidently select Clarence Birdseye as the right answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Alfred Nobel: Invented dynamite and funded the Nobel Prizes, unrelated to frozen foods. Frank Whittle: Pioneered jet engine design, not food technology. Ives McGaffey: Inventor of an early vacuum cleaner called the Whirlwind. Harland Sanders: Known for developing a fried chicken recipe and the KFC brand, but not for inventing frozen foods as a technology. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may confuse Birdseye contributions with general refrigeration or think of famous food brand founders like Harland Sanders. However, the specific field of quick freezing and development of frozen vegetables and fish belongs to Clarence Birdseye. Keeping this clear association in mind helps you avoid misattributing the invention to more widely known restaurant personalities. Final Answer: Clarence Birdseye is regarded as the inventor who revolutionised modern frozen foods.

Question 8

Which safety device used by miners to detect dangerous gases was invented by Sir Humphry Davy in the nineteenth century?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Working in coal mines was extremely dangerous due to explosive gases such as firedamp. Miners needed a reliable way to detect the presence of such gases without triggering explosions. Sir Humphry Davy, a British chemist, developed a special lamp to address this safety issue. This question asks you to identify which device was invented by him for miners. Given Data / Assumptions: The inventor is Sir Humphry Davy, a chemist and experimental scientist. The device improved safety in mines by reducing explosion risk. The options include various inventions, some unrelated to mining. We assume familiarity with the term Davy lamp from general science reading. Concept / Approach: Sir Humphry Davy invented the safety lamp, often called the Davy lamp, for use in coal mines. The lamp uses a metal gauze around the flame to prevent the ignition of surrounding gases. If harmful gas is present, the flame changes appearance, warning miners, but the flame remains enclosed and less likely to cause an explosion. Thus, the safety lamp is the invention attributed to Davy in this context. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Davy was a chemist, so his invention is more likely to involve gases, flames and safety rather than mechanical engines. Step 2: Recognise that the term Davy lamp appears in many descriptions of mining history. Step 3: Notice that safety pin, steam engine and X ray technologies are credited to other inventors. Step 4: Conclude that the safety device invented by Sir Humphry Davy is the safety lamp. Verification / Alternative check: Historical accounts of coal mining safety often note the introduction of the Davy lamp as a key milestone. It reduced the number of accidental explosions in mines and became an important symbol of industrial safety. This repeated linking of Davy name with the safety lamp and with mining confirms that option C is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Safety pin: Generally linked with Walter Hunt or later patent holders, not Davy. Steam engine: Developed over time by inventors such as Thomas Newcomen and James Watt. X ray tube: Related to the work of Wilhelm Roentgen and later experimenters, not to Davy. Electric fuse: A separate electrical safety device, not the mine lamp that Davy designed. Common Pitfalls: Sometimes students confuse Davy with other industrial inventors and may be tempted to choose the steam engine because it is a well known historical machine. To avoid such confusion, keep clear in your mind that Davy work focused on chemistry and safe lighting in dangerous environments, which points directly to the safety lamp. Final Answer: Sir Humphry Davy invented the safety lamp used by miners to detect dangerous gases.

Question 9

Which scientist is associated with devising the technique of IVF (in vitro fertilisation), leading to the birth of the first test tube baby?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In vitro fertilisation, commonly called IVF, is a technique in which egg and sperm are combined outside the body and the resulting embryo is then transferred to the uterus. This method has helped many couples dealing with infertility. This question asks you to identify the scientist most closely associated with devising the IVF technique that led to the first test tube baby. Given Data / Assumptions: The medical technique is IVF, not simple artificial insemination. The work led to the first successful human birth through this method. The options list scientists and engineers from different fields. We assume awareness that IVF development earned a Nobel Prize. Concept / Approach: Robert Edwards, a British physiologist, worked extensively on human fertilisation outside the body and, together with gynaecologist Patrick Steptoe, developed IVF procedures that resulted in the birth of Louise Brown in nineteen seventy eight, the first baby conceived by this method. For this pioneering work, Edwards received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Therefore, he is the scientist associated with devising IVF. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the phrase in vitro fertilisation and test tube baby, which are directly linked with Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe. Step 2: Recognise that Sir Frank Whittle is unrelated, as he designed jet engines. Step 3: Note that Edward Jenner is associated with vaccination against smallpox and Dr. Martin Cooper with mobile phones. Step 4: Therefore, Robert Edwards is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Medical histories and Nobel Prize citations clearly state that Edwards work in reproductive biology made IVF possible. Louise Brown birth is often mentioned as a landmark event in medicine. None of the other names in the options appear in this context. This strong and specific association confirms that Robert Edwards should be selected. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Sir Frank Whittle: Engineer behind early jet engine patents, not a reproductive biologist. Edward Jenner: Developed the smallpox vaccine, an early triumph of immunisation. Dr. Martin Cooper: Associated with the development of the handheld mobile phone. James Watson: Co discoverer of the DNA double helix, but not the inventor of IVF techniques. Common Pitfalls: Because IVF relates to human reproduction, some students may think first of DNA scientists like Watson, but IVF is more about clinical techniques and embryology rather than gene structure. Others might recall only the name of the first test tube baby and not the scientist. To avoid confusion, remember the pairing Edwards and IVF as a key link in modern reproductive medicine. Final Answer: The IVF technique leading to the first test tube baby was devised by Robert Edwards.

Question 10

Which engineer of Indian origin is popularly known as the “father of the Pentium chip” for leading the design of Intel Pentium processors?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Modern computers rely on microprocessors that perform millions of calculations per second. The Intel Pentium line of processors was a major step in personal computer performance and became very famous in the nineteen nineties. This question asks which engineer, originally from India, is popularly called the father of the Pentium chip for his leadership role in its development. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on the Intel Pentium microprocessor family. The engineer played a key role in design and development. The options list names with different technical backgrounds. We assume basic awareness that Pentium became a widely marketed brand. Concept / Approach: Vinod Dham is widely known as the father of the Pentium chip. As a senior engineer and manager at Intel, he contributed significantly to the architecture and commercial success of the Pentium family of processors. His story often appears in discussions of Indian contributions to global technology and serves as an inspiration for students interested in electronics and computer engineering. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Remember that the phrase father of the Pentium chip is commonly attached to Vinod Dham in technology articles and interviews. Step 2: Recognise that the other options do not have strong public associations with the Pentium brand. Step 3: Identify Vinod Dham as an engineer of Indian origin who worked at Intel during the Pentium era. Step 4: Therefore, choose Vinod Dham as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Many technology histories, interviews and motivational stories for engineering students refer to Vinod Dham by this nickname. Even if you search news articles or biographies, you will frequently see the Pentium reference. No similar repeated phrase exists for the other names in connection with this chip family, which confirms that Dham is the intended answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Kumar Patel: Known for work in laser technology, not Pentium processors. Tom Gunter: Not widely recognised as a chief architect of the Pentium line in popular references. Vince Emery: Not associated in general knowledge with the Pentium project. Andy Grove: A senior Intel leader and influential CEO, but general quiz questions about the father of the Pentium chip highlight Vinod Dham specifically. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes think that the overall head of Intel must be the inventor behind any famous chip and may lean toward Andy Grove. However, such questions usually point to the engineer directly responsible for design, much like referring to specific chip architects in later generations. Remembering the name Vinod Dham connected with Pentium helps you answer reliably. Final Answer: Vinod Dham is popularly known as the father of the Pentium chip.

Question 11

Which medical researcher is recognised for pioneering the use of diagnostic ultrasound, especially in obstetrics to view the developing fetus?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Diagnostic ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to create images of internal organs and structures. It is especially famous for its use in obstetrics, where doctors can view the developing fetus in the uterus without surgery or radiation. This question asks which medical researcher is recognised as a pioneer in applying ultrasound for diagnostic purposes. Given Data / Assumptions: The technique is diagnostic ultrasound, not therapeutic ultrasound. The focus is on medical imaging, particularly obstetrics. The options include scientists known for other discoveries in medicine. We assume knowledge of basic medical imaging history. Concept / Approach: Ian Donald, a Scottish obstetrician, is credited with pioneering the use of ultrasound for medical diagnosis. He adapted industrial ultrasound techniques and applied them to examine abdominal structures and pregnancies. His work in the mid twentieth century established ultrasound as a safe and valuable imaging modality in obstetrics and gynecology. Because of this, he is remembered as the pioneer of diagnostic ultrasound. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that Alexander Fleming is known for discovering penicillin, not imaging. Step 2: Recall that Ian Donald name appears in medical imaging history as the pioneer who introduced ultrasound scanning in obstetrics. Step 3: Note that Laveran and Koch are associated with infectious disease research, and Christiaan Barnard with heart transplantation. Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer for diagnostic ultrasound is Ian Donald. Verification / Alternative check: If you read about the development of obstetric ultrasound, Ian Donald is consistently mentioned as a central figure. His early scans and research papers demonstrated how ultrasound could detect pregnancy complications and fetal conditions. Because none of the other options have this combination of obstetrics and imaging, this is a strong confirmation that Donald is the right choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Alexander Fleming: Discovered the antibiotic penicillin, revolutionising infection treatment. A. Laveran: Discovered malaria parasites, as explained in a separate question. Robert Koch: Known for isolating bacteria causing diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera. Christiaan Barnard: Performed the first successful human heart transplant. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may guess Fleming or Koch because they recognise the names and associate them with major medical breakthroughs. However, breakthroughs in antibiotics and germ theory are different from advances in imaging technology. To keep things clear, associate Ian Donald with the ultrasound scanner and obstetric imaging, which are his signature contributions. Final Answer: Ian Donald is recognised as the pioneer of diagnostic ultrasound, especially in obstetrics.

Question 12

Albert Sabin is best known in medical history for developing which type of vaccine used worldwide in mass immunisation campaigns?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Vaccines have helped control and sometimes eliminate several dangerous diseases. Polio, a viral disease that can cause paralysis, was brought under control in many regions through mass vaccination. This question asks which vaccine Albert Sabin is especially known for developing and promoting in large scale immunisation programmes. Given Data / Assumptions: Albert Sabin was a medical researcher and virologist. His work is linked with a widely used vaccine. The options list different vaccines and a drug therapy. We assume basic awareness that polio vaccines come in different forms. Concept / Approach: Albert Sabin developed an oral polio vaccine using live attenuated virus. This vaccine, given as drops, became very important in mass immunisation campaigns because it was easy to administer and helped build intestinal immunity. While Jonas Salk developed the first inactivated polio vaccine, Sabin oral vaccine later played a major role in large national and global polio eradication efforts. Therefore, Sabin is associated most strongly with the polio vaccine. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that smallpox and rabies vaccines are usually linked with Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur, not Sabin. Step 2: Understand that penicillin is an antibiotic drug, discovered by Alexander Fleming, not a vaccine. Step 3: Remember that Albert Sabin name appears whenever oral polio vaccine or polio drops campaigns are discussed. Step 4: Conclude that the correct answer is polio vaccine. Verification / Alternative check: Public health campaigns in many countries talk about pulse polio or national immunisation days, where children receive polio drops. These drops are based on the Sabin oral polio vaccine. WHO and other health organisations frequently credit Sabin for this contribution. The strong connection between his name and polio vaccination confirms that option B is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Smallpox vaccine: First developed by Edward Jenner from cowpox material. Penicillin based therapy: Penicillin is an antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming, not a vaccine created by Sabin. Hepatitis B vaccine: Developed much later by different research groups and companies. Rabies vaccine: Associated with Louis Pasteur, not Sabin. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to mix up the contributions of Salk and Sabin in polio control. Salk created the inactivated injectable vaccine, while Sabin created the oral live attenuated version. Exam questions that simply mention the polio vaccine and mass immunisation usually expect Sabin because his oral vaccine was easier to use in large campaigns. Keeping both names and their specific roles in mind helps you answer precisely. Final Answer: Albert Sabin is best known for developing the oral polio vaccine.

Question 13

Which scientist introduced the Centigrade temperature scale, later called the Celsius scale, with 0° for the freezing point and 100° for the boiling point of water?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Temperature scales are reference systems used to measure how hot or cold something is. Many everyday thermometers use a scale in which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees at standard pressure. This scale was originally called the Centigrade scale and is now commonly known as the Celsius scale. This question asks which scientist introduced this important temperature scale. Given Data / Assumptions: The scale in question has 0 degrees at the freezing point of water and 100 degrees at its boiling point. It was originally known as the Centigrade scale. The options include names associated with different temperature scales and inventions. We assume knowledge of basic physics and thermometry. Concept / Approach: Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, proposed a temperature scale that divided the interval between the freezing and boiling points of water into one hundred equal parts. His original arrangement had 0 degrees for boiling and 100 degrees for freezing, but it was later reversed to the modern form with 0 degrees as freezing and 100 degrees as boiling. This scale came to be known as the Centigrade scale and later was officially renamed the Celsius scale in his honour. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the question is about a scale with 100 divisions between freezing and boiling, indicating the Centigrade or Celsius scale. Step 2: Recall that Anders Celsius introduced this scale and gave his name to it. Step 3: Recognise that Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit created another scale in which water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Step 4: Understand that William Thomson, later known as Lord Kelvin, proposed an absolute temperature scale, but not the centigrade one, and the Wright brothers worked on aviation, not thermometry. Step 5: Therefore, Anders Celsius is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Physics textbooks routinely state that the Celsius scale is named after Anders Celsius, while the Fahrenheit scale is named after Daniel Fahrenheit and the Kelvin scale after Lord Kelvin. The question clearly describes the Celsius arrangement, not the Fahrenheit or Kelvin arrangements. This direct correspondence between scale description and name provides a strong verification that Anders Celsius is the intended answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit: Introduced the Fahrenheit scale with different fixed points and interval sizes. William Thomson / Lord Kelvin: Proposed the Kelvin absolute temperature scale starting at absolute zero, not the 0 to 100 scale for water. Wright brothers: Pioneers in powered flight and aviation, unrelated to temperature scales. Lord Kelvin (as a separate name): Refers to the same person as William Thomson and still does not match the description of the Centigrade scale. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes confuse Fahrenheit and Celsius because both names appear frequently in weather reports and science lessons. Another confusion arises between Celsius and Kelvin, since both scales are used in physics. To avoid these mix ups, remember that Anders Celsius designed the 0 to 100 degree water based scale, Fahrenheit designed the 32 to 212 degree scale and Kelvin provided an absolute scale starting at zero Kelvin. Final Answer: The Centigrade or Celsius temperature scale was introduced by Anders Celsius.

Question 14

In the history of modern physics, who developed the famous theory of relativity that transformed our understanding of space, time and gravity?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This general knowledge question tests your awareness of one of the most important developments in modern physics. The theory of relativity reshaped how scientists think about space, time, motion and gravity. Knowing which scientist developed this theory helps you link names and ideas, which is frequently required in competitive exams that ask about major scientific contributions. Given Data / Assumptions: The topic is the theory of relativity in physics. The question asks who developed this theory. The options list several famous scientists from different fields such as physics, biology and chemistry. You are expected to match the correct scientist with this well known theory. Concept / Approach: Albert Einstein, a theoretical physicist, is credited with developing both special relativity and general relativity in the early twentieth century. Special relativity deals with objects moving at constant high speeds and introduced the idea that measurements of time and space depend on the observer. General relativity extended this to include gravity, describing it as the curvature of space time caused by mass and energy. Other scientists in the options made equally important contributions, but in different areas. Isaac Newton formulated classical mechanics and universal gravitation, Charles Darwin worked on evolution by natural selection, and Marie Curie researched radioactivity. None of them developed the theory of relativity. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the key phrase in the question is theory of relativity, a concept from advanced physics. Step 2: Recall that Albert Einstein is universally associated with relativity, including the famous equation E = m * c^2. Step 3: Compare this with Isaac Newton, who is linked with laws of motion and classical gravity, not relativity. Step 4: Note that Charles Darwin belongs to biology and evolution, and Marie Curie to radioactivity, both different fields. Step 5: Choose Albert Einstein from the options as the scientist who developed the theory of relativity. Verification / Alternative check: Physics textbooks and popular science books consistently attribute both special and general relativity to Albert Einstein. Historical timelines of twentieth century science highlight his 1905 papers on special relativity and his 1915 work on general relativity as major milestones. Public culture also strongly associates Einstein with relativity, reinforcing this connection and leaving no doubt about the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Isaac Newton developed classical mechanics and the law of universal gravitation but did not propose the relativistic view of space time. Charles Darwin is known for the theory of evolution by natural selection in biology, not for any theory of relativity. Marie Curie carried out pioneering work on radioactivity and discovered elements such as polonium and radium, but she did not create relativity theory. Niels Bohr contributed to quantum theory and atomic models, which are different areas of physics from relativity. Common Pitfalls: Candidates sometimes confuse Newton and Einstein because both are famous physicists whose work involves gravity. The key difference is that Newton described gravity as a force acting at a distance, while Einstein described it as curvature of space time. Remembering that Einstein belongs to the modern, relativistic view helps you avoid mixing up these two names in exam questions. Final Answer: The theory of relativity was developed by Albert Einstein.

Question 15

Edward Jenner, often called the father of immunisation, discovered and introduced the first successful vaccine for which infectious disease?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question checks your knowledge of early vaccine history, which is a very common topic in general science and medical awareness. Edward Jenner is a key figure who showed that it is possible to prevent certain diseases by exposing the body to a milder, related infection. Identifying which disease he worked on helps you understand how vaccination began and why Jenner is so important in public health history. Given Data / Assumptions: The scientist named in the question is Edward Jenner. The topic is his discovery of a vaccine. The options list several major infectious diseases such as polio, tuberculosis, smallpox and rabies. You need to link Jenner with the correct disease for which he developed a vaccine. Concept / Approach: Edward Jenner, an English physician of the eighteenth century, noticed that milkmaids who had caught cowpox, a mild disease in humans, seemed to be protected against smallpox, a deadly and disfiguring infection. He tested this idea by deliberately exposing a boy to cowpox and later to smallpox, observing that the boy did not develop smallpox. This procedure is considered the first scientific vaccination, and it specifically targeted smallpox. Other diseases such as polio and rabies had vaccines developed much later by different scientists, so they cannot be the correct answer here. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the name Edward Jenner, which you should immediately associate with early vaccination. Step 2: Recall that his famous experiment used cowpox to provide protection against smallpox. Step 3: Check the list of diseases in the options and identify smallpox as the one strongly linked with Jenner. Step 4: Recognise that vaccines for polio, tuberculosis and rabies were developed much later by other scientists. Step 5: Select smallpox as the correct answer because Jenner is historically known for the smallpox vaccine. Verification / Alternative check: Medical history books frequently describe Jenner as the pioneer of the smallpox vaccine. They recount how smallpox killed or disfigured many people before vaccination became common. Official accounts of the World Health Organization credit vaccination, starting from Jenner s work, with eventually eradicating smallpox worldwide. No reliable source assigns Jenner to vaccines for polio, tuberculosis or rabies, confirming that smallpox is the only correct option. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The polio vaccine was developed in the twentieth century by scientists such as Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin, not by Jenner. The tuberculosis vaccine, known as BCG, was developed by Calmette and Guerin, not by Jenner. The rabies vaccine was created by Louis Pasteur, another great name in microbiology, but again not by Jenner. Tetanus vaccines are also twentieth century developments and have no link to Jenner s eighteenth century experiments. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse Jenner with Pasteur because both are linked with vaccination. A simple way to avoid this is to remember one pair clearly: Jenner and smallpox, Pasteur and rabies. Once you fix these pairs in your memory, questions that mix these names become much easier to answer accurately under exam pressure. Final Answer: Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine for smallpox.

Question 16

In atomic physics, who is credited with the experimental discovery of the electron as a negatively charged subatomic particle?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The discovery of the electron was a turning point in physics and chemistry because it proved that atoms are not indivisible. This question tests whether you know which scientist is credited with this discovery. It appears frequently in school level science and competitive exams under basic atomic structure and history of atomic models. Given Data / Assumptions: The particle in question is the electron, a negatively charged subatomic particle. The question asks who discovered it experimentally. The options list several physicists who worked on atomic structure and radiation. You are expected to match each scientist to his main discovery and choose the correct one for the electron. Concept / Approach: J. J. Thomson, a British physicist, discovered the electron in 1897 using cathode ray tube experiments. By measuring the deflection of cathode rays in electric and magnetic fields, he concluded that these rays consist of tiny negatively charged particles, which he called corpuscles and which we now call electrons. This showed that atoms have smaller components. Other scientists in the options made important contributions, but to different aspects of atomic physics. Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus, James Chadwick discovered the neutron, and Niels Bohr proposed a quantum model for electron orbits. E. Goldstein studied canal rays, which led to insights about positive ions, not electrons. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the question focuses on the discovery of the electron, a negatively charged particle. Step 2: Recall that J. J. Thomson worked with cathode rays and concluded they are streams of negatively charged particles. Step 3: Compare him with Ernest Rutherford, who is mainly linked to the nuclear model of the atom, not the electron itself. Step 4: Remember that James Chadwick is associated with the discovery of the neutron and E. Goldstein with canal rays. Step 5: Select J. J. Thomson as the correct answer for the experimental discovery of the electron. Verification / Alternative check: Textbooks on atomic structure commonly present a sequence: Thomson discovered electrons, Rutherford discovered the nucleus, Bohr refined the atomic model with energy levels and Chadwick discovered the neutron. This standard narrative appears in many educational resources. It clearly fixes the electron discovery to J. J. Thomson, providing strong confirmation for the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: E. Goldstein is known for discovering canal rays, which are streams of positive ions, not electrons. Ernest Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus through his alpha particle scattering experiments, not the electron. James Chadwick discovered the neutron, a neutral particle in the nucleus, rather than the negatively charged electron. Niels Bohr developed a model of the atom with quantised electron orbits but did not first identify the electron as a particle. Common Pitfalls: Because several famous physicists worked on atomic structure, students sometimes confuse who discovered what. A simple way to remember is to link each name with one key result: Thomson with electron, Rutherford with nucleus, Chadwick with neutron and Bohr with atomic model. Keeping these associations clear avoids mistakes when questions mix up their names in multiple choice options. Final Answer: The electron was discovered by J. J. Thomson.

Question 17

In the development of radio detection and ranging technology, which scientists carried out key early experiments that led to the invention of radar?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Radar, an acronym for radio detection and ranging, is a technology that uses radio waves to detect objects and measure their distance and speed. Its development involved several scientists in different countries. This question focuses on early experimental work that showed how radio waves could be reflected by distant objects, an essential step in the invention of radar systems used in navigation and defense. Given Data / Assumptions: The subject is the invention and early development of radar technology. The question asks which scientists conducted key early experiments in this area. The options include different names, only one of which is a recognised pair of radar researchers. You should connect experimental work on radio reflections with the correct scientists. Concept / Approach: A. H. Taylor and Leo C. Young, working for the United States Navy in the 1920s and 1930s, performed important experiments showing that radio waves could be reflected from ships and aircraft. Their work demonstrated that interference in radio signals could indicate the presence of a large object, which became a foundation for radar systems. Later, other scientists and engineers developed practical radar sets, but the early experimental proof of concept is strongly associated with Taylor and Young. The other names in the options are either unrelated to radar or associated with completely different inventions. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that radar is based on sending out radio waves and detecting their reflections from objects. Step 2: Recall that A. H. Taylor and Leo C. Young are often mentioned together in histories of early radar experiments for the United States Navy. Step 3: Check the options and identify this pair as the only one that fits the description of collaborative radar work. Step 4: Note that Fred Morrison is known for inventing the flying disc toy that became the Frisbee, not radar. Step 5: Select A. H. Taylor and Leo C. Young as the correct answer for early radar experimentation. Verification / Alternative check: Technical histories of radar development describe how Taylor and Young observed that radio signals from ship borne transmitters were disturbed when ships or aircraft passed through the beam. They then deliberately used this effect to detect targets. Although radar later evolved through the work of many engineers and different countries, this early demonstration is consistently credited to them in naval and electronics history references. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Fred Morrison is associated with inventing a popular flying disc toy, not with radar. Van Tassel is not widely recorded in standard radar histories as the primary experimenter for early radar principles. W. K. Roentgen refers to Wilhelm Roentgen, who discovered X rays and worked in physics, but not on radar. Guglielmo Marconi contributed to wireless telegraphy and radio communication, which are related technologies, but he is not the specific answer for this pair based question on early radar experiments. Common Pitfalls: Students often know Marconi for radio and Roentgen for X rays, so they may guess one of these names when they see the word radio. However, this question is more specific and expects knowledge of the engineers who performed early radar reflection experiments. Remembering that Taylor and Young worked together for the United States Navy on radio reflection effects helps you avoid confusion with more famous but less specific names. Final Answer: Key early radar experiments were carried out by A. H. Taylor and Leo C. Young.

Question 18

Who invented the thermos flask, also called the vacuum flask, which keeps liquids hot or cold by using an insulating vacuum layer?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The thermos flask, also known as the vacuum flask, is a common household item used to keep beverages hot or cold for long periods. It relies on the principle that a vacuum is a very poor conductor of heat. This question asks you to identify the scientist who invented this device, a fact that appears in general science and inventions based questions. Given Data / Assumptions: The object in question is the thermos or vacuum flask. The question asks who invented it. The options include scientists known for different contributions to science and technology. You need to connect the vacuum flask specifically with the correct inventor. Concept / Approach: Sir James Dewar, a Scottish chemist and physicist, invented the vacuum flask in the late nineteenth century. He developed it as a laboratory device to store liquefied gases at very low temperatures. The flask consists of two walls with a vacuum in between, which reduces heat transfer by conduction and convection. Over time, this design was adapted for everyday use to keep drinks hot or cold and became popular under the trade name thermos. Other names in the options, such as Tim Berners Lee and Ray Tomlinson, are associated with computer technology and the internet, not with vacuum flasks. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that a thermos or vacuum flask uses a double walled container with a vacuum layer. Step 2: Recall that James Dewar invented this device for handling liquefied gases in experiments on low temperature physics. Step 3: Look at the options and identify James Dewar as the only low temperature scientist among mostly information technology names. Step 4: Understand that Ray Tomlinson and Tim Berners Lee are key figures in email and the World Wide Web, not in cooling devices. Step 5: Choose James Dewar as the correct answer for the invention of the vacuum flask. Verification / Alternative check: Histories of cryogenics and everyday inventions state that Dewar created the vacuum flask so that he could store liquefied gases like oxygen and hydrogen. Later, commercial versions were sold for domestic use. Many sources actually refer to the vacuum flask as the Dewar flask in honour of its inventor. This consistent naming connection confirms that James Dewar is the right choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Ray Tomlinson is known for sending the first networked email and popularising the at symbol in email addresses. Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web, including the first web browser and server. William Cullen performed early work on artificial refrigeration but did not design the modern vacuum flask used today. William Thomson, known as Lord Kelvin, contributed to thermodynamics and temperature scales but did not invent the vacuum flask itself. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse different figures in the history of thermodynamics and refrigeration. While several scientists worked with low temperatures, the key point to remember is that the double walled vacuum flask is specifically attributed to James Dewar. Associating the word Dewar with vacuum flask helps prevent mixing up his name with other physicists working in similar fields. Final Answer: The thermos or vacuum flask was invented by James Dewar.

Question 19

Who are credited with inventing the first practical hot air balloon that successfully carried human passengers into the sky?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Before airplanes, hot air balloons offered one of the earliest ways for humans to experience flight. This question asks you to identify which pair of brothers invented the first practical hot air balloon that carried people into the air. It is a standard fact in questions about the history of aviation and human flight. Given Data / Assumptions: The invention is the first practical hot air balloon. The question emphasises human passengers, not just small test balloons. The options list different pairs of brothers known for various inventions, particularly in aviation. You are expected to know which pair is associated with balloon flight rather than powered aircraft. Concept / Approach: The Montgolfier brothers, Joseph Michel and Jacques Étienne Montgolfier from France, are credited with inventing the first successful hot air balloon in the 1780s. They demonstrated unmanned flights and then manned flights, sending people into the air in a balloon heated by a fire. This was a historic event in early aviation. In contrast, the Wright brothers are linked with the first powered controlled airplane flight, not balloons. Other pairs of brothers in the options are distractors and are not central names in balloon history. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note that the question explicitly mentions a hot air balloon, not an airplane. Step 2: Recall that the Montgolfier brothers built large fabric balloons heated by fire and carried out the first human balloon flights. Step 3: Recognise that the Wright brothers are famous for heavier than air powered flight in an airplane, not balloon flight. Step 4: Observe that the other brother pairs are not well known figures in standard aviation history. Step 5: Select Montgolfier brothers as the correct answer because their names are consistently linked with hot air balloon invention. Verification / Alternative check: Aviation histories and museum exhibits dealing with early flight almost always start with the Montgolfier brothers when describing lighter than air flight. They mention spectacular public demonstrations in France, including flights with animals and then with humans. The Wright brothers appear in later chapters on powered airplanes, confirming that the hot air balloon belongs to the Montgolfiers, not to the Wrights or to other pairs of brothers. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, achieved the first powered, controlled airplane flight in 1903, not balloon flight. Lisitsyn brothers and Walton brothers are not widely recognised in standard references as inventors of hot air balloons. The Piccard family name appears in high altitude balloon and submersible exploration, but the first manned hot air balloons are firmly credited to the Montgolfier brothers. Common Pitfalls: Because the Wright brothers are very famous in aviation, some candidates quickly choose their names for any flight related question. To avoid this, always pay attention to the type of vehicle mentioned. Balloons use heated air or gas and came much earlier, whereas airplanes use engines and wings. Remember: Montgolfier for hot air balloons, Wright for powered airplanes. Final Answer: The first practical hot air balloon carrying human passengers was invented by the Montgolfier brothers.

Question 20

Who discovered insulin, the hormone used to control blood sugar levels and treat diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Insulin is a vital hormone that allows the body to regulate blood glucose levels. Its discovery transformed the treatment of diabetes from a fatal condition to a manageable chronic disease. This question asks you to identify the scientist who is most strongly associated with the discovery of insulin and its first successful use as a therapy in humans. Given Data / Assumptions: The substance in question is insulin, used in diabetes treatment. The question focuses on the discovery of insulin as a hormone and therapy. The options list several famous scientists who made important medical discoveries. Your task is to link the correct scientist with insulin, not with antibiotics or other substances. Concept / Approach: Frederick Banting, a Canadian physician, is credited with the discovery of insulin along with his colleague Charles Best. In the early 1920s they extracted insulin from pancreatic tissue and demonstrated that it could lower blood sugar in diabetic dogs and later in human patients. This discovery led to a dramatic improvement in survival and quality of life for people with diabetes. Banting received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work. The other scientists listed are linked with different discoveries such as penicillin, vitamins and germ theory, not specifically with insulin. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the question centres on insulin and diabetes treatment. Step 2: Recall that Frederick Banting and Charles Best are the key names associated with isolating and using insulin clinically. Step 3: Compare this with Sir Alexander Fleming, who is linked to the discovery of penicillin, an antibiotic. Step 4: Note that Sir F. G. Hopkins is associated with vitamins and nutritional factors rather than this specific hormone. Step 5: Select Frederick Banting as the correct answer, because he is the primary discoverer of insulin mentioned in medical history. Verification / Alternative check: Biology and medical textbooks consistently state that insulin was discovered in the early 1920s by Banting, working at the University of Toronto. They often include photographs of early insulin vials and stories of the first children with diabetes whose lives were saved by insulin injections. These accounts confirm Banting as the central figure in insulin discovery, distinct from Fleming or Pasteur, who are mentioned in chapters on antibiotics and germs. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, not insulin. James Watt is an engineer known for improving the steam engine and has no connection with hormone discovery. Sir F. G. Hopkins contributed to the discovery of vitamins and essential dietary factors, not specifically to insulin. Louis Pasteur worked on germ theory and vaccines for diseases like rabies, but did not isolate insulin. Common Pitfalls: Because all the listed names are famous, students sometimes choose based on general fame instead of matching the specific discovery. To avoid this, make clear pairs in your memory, such as Fleming penicillin, Banting insulin, Pasteur rabies and germ theory. When you see a question about diabetes and blood sugar regulation, the name Banting should immediately come to mind. Final Answer: Insulin was discovered by Frederick Banting.

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