When defining a new information system, which element is typically specified first to anchor design and testing: inputs, outputs, storage, or processing?

Introduction / Context:
Output-driven design is a long-standing principle in systems analysis. By defining reports, screens, and external messages first, teams clarify what the system must ultimately deliver to users and other systems. These tangible outputs then drive the identification of required inputs, processing steps, and data storage structures.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Stakeholders value concrete deliverables (reports, dashboards, confirmations).
• Outputs define acceptance criteria and test cases.
• Inputs, processing, and storage should be derived to support producing the outputs.

Concept / Approach:
Starting with outputs prevents scope creep and misalignment: if you can specify the exact fields, formats, and timing of outputs, you can then work backward to determine what inputs are needed, how data must be transformed, and what persistence is required. This approach also aids prototyping and user validation because outputs are easiest for stakeholders to visualize and critique.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Elicit and document outputs (reports/screens/messages) with precise content and layout.Derive inputs from outputs: identify all source data needed to populate outputs.Design processing to transform inputs into outputs under constraints (rules, timing, volume).Specify storage to retain data needed for outputs and audit/regulatory needs.

Verification / Alternative check:
Use acceptance tests built from output specifications—if outputs match, the system fulfills core requirements. Many methodologies (including prototyping) begin with output mockups for this reason.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Inputs: important but should be derived from output needs.Storage: driven by retention and output/reporting requirements.Processing: defined after inputs/outputs are clear to avoid overengineering.None of the above: incorrect because outputs are typically specified first.

Common Pitfalls:
Letting output definitions balloon without prioritization; failing to align outputs with regulatory and stakeholder needs; neglecting usability and accessibility in output formats.

Final Answer:
Outputs