Which of the following factors significantly influence per capita water demand in an urban water-supply system?

Introduction / Context:Per capita demand varies widely due to demographic, climatic, economic, and system-operations factors. Planners must account for these when forecasting demand and sizing facilities for present and future populations.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Urban service area with metered or unmetered consumption.
• Normal (non-drought) operating conditions unless tariffs or restrictions apply.

Concept / Approach:Large cities often show higher non-domestic and leakage components; hot climates increase outdoor and bathing uses; higher main pressure generally increases consumption and leakage; higher water charges can suppress discretionary use. Therefore, all listed factors affect per capita demand to varying degrees.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:Demand-forecasting manuals and CPHEEO guidelines list these influences explicitly.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Any single-factor choice is incomplete; demand is multi-causal.

Common Pitfalls:

• Ignoring leakage sensitivity to pressure in unmetered systems.
• Neglecting price elasticity in demand forecasting.

Final Answer:All of the above