Construction materials — expanded metal Expanded metal used in civil works (e.g., pavements and plaster reinforcement) is characterized by which statements?

Introduction / Context:
Expanded metal is a versatile mesh product created from solid sheet, offering high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent bond with concrete and plaster, and efficient use of material. It is common in pavements, stucco, and light reinforcement applications.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Manufacturing involves slitting and stretching a sheet to form diamond-shaped openings.
• Common materials include low-carbon steel; coatings like galvanizing improve durability.
• Dimensions are standardized as SWM (short way mesh) and LWM (long way mesh).

Concept / Approach:
Because the mesh is produced from a single piece without welds, it maintains continuity and structural integrity, providing good anchorage in cementitious matrices. Its geometry improves crack control and distribution of tensile stresses in thin sections.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the process: slit-and-stretch from steel sheet → expanded mesh.Identify uses: secondary reinforcement in pavements, toppings, and plaster lath.Identify measurement: mesh openings are defined by SWM and LWM along with strand width and thickness.Therefore, all listed statements correctly describe expanded metal.

Verification / Alternative check:
Manufacturers’ catalogs specify SWM/LWM and typical civil applications; design guides provide crack control benefits and lap requirements.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
The extra option claiming “only from aluminum foil” is incorrect; steel is the most common base metal in construction uses.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing expanded metal with welded wire mesh; misinterpreting SWM/LWM as strand dimensions; poor corrosion protection in aggressive environments.

Final Answer:
all of the above