Occupational health — long-term inhalation of fly ash Prolonged inhalation of fly ash dust can lead to which of the following respiratory conditions?

Introduction / Context:
Handling of cement, fly ash, and other fine particulates is common on construction sites and in power plants. Understanding chronic health impacts guides selection of personal protective equipment and ventilation controls, and it appears regularly in safety examinations.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Chronic exposure to airborne fly ash without adequate respiratory protection.
• Fly ash can contain crystalline silica and other irritants.
• Focus is on respiratory outcomes.

Concept / Approach:
Fine particulates can deposit in various regions of the respiratory tract. Crystalline silica can cause silicosis; persistent irritation and immune responses may lead to chronic bronchitis and pneumonitis; over time, diffuse scarring (fibrosis) reduces lung compliance and gas exchange. Therefore multiple pathologies are plausible and documented.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify constituents: silica and metal oxides within fly ash.Map to diseases: silica → silicosis; chronic irritation → bronchitis; inflammatory response in alveoli → pneumonitis; scarring → fibrosis.Conclude that all listed conditions can result from prolonged exposure.

Verification / Alternative check:
Occupational health guidelines recommend dust control and respirators (e.g., P2/P3), aligning with the risks summarized.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each single condition reflects only part of the risk spectrum; the comprehensive choice best represents the cumulative hazards.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming masks are unnecessary outdoors; fine ash remains airborne and inhalable. Underestimating cumulative exposure in enclosed silos and handling plants.

Final Answer:
All of these