Evaluate using identities and exact arithmetic: Compute (.356 × .365 − 2 × .365 × .106 + .106 × .106) / (.632 × .632 + 2 × .632 × .368 + .368 × .368) without rounding until the end.

Difficulty: Medium

Correct Answer: 0.0638

Explanation:


Introduction / Context:
This fraction features two classic algebraic patterns hidden in decimal arithmetic. The denominator is of the form x^2 + 2xy + y^2 = (x + y)^2, which collapses neatly. The numerator resembles a squared-expression expansion but with mixed products, so computing it exactly is prudent. The exercise builds precision and pattern recognition.


Given Data / Assumptions:

  • Numerator: 0.356 × 0.365 − 2 × 0.365 × 0.106 + 0.106 × 0.106.
  • Denominator: 0.632 × 0.632 + 2 × 0.632 × 0.368 + 0.368 × 0.368.
  • Compute the exact decimal value and then simplify the ratio.


Concept / Approach:
First, simplify the denominator using the identity (x + y)^2. Here x = 0.632 and y = 0.368, so x + y = 1, hence denominator = 1^2 = 1. Next, compute the numerator by careful multiplication and combination of terms. No further identity fully collapses the numerator because the first term is a product of two different decimals (0.356 and 0.365).


Step-by-Step Solution:

Denominator: (0.632 + 0.368)^2 = 1^2 = 1.Compute 0.356 × 0.365 = 0.129940.Compute 2 × 0.365 × 0.106 = 2 × 0.038690 = 0.077380.Compute 0.106 × 0.106 = 0.011236.Numerator = 0.129940 − 0.077380 + 0.011236 = 0.063796 ≈ 0.0638.Since denominator = 1, the overall value is 0.063796 ≈ 0.0638.


Verification / Alternative check:

Estimate bounds: 0.356 × 0.365 ≈ 0.13; subtract ~0.077 and add ~0.011 gives near 0.064, confirming the computation.


Why Other Options Are Wrong:

  • 0.0765 and 0.345: Result from mis-multiplying or mis-subtracting terms.
  • 0.625: Off by an order of magnitude; likely ignores decimal placement.


Common Pitfalls:

  • Treating 0.356 × 0.365 as a square (it is not).
  • Rounding mid-steps instead of at the end, which can shift the hundredths place.


Final Answer:

0.0638

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