Microwave applications across communication services Microwaves are used in which of the following systems?

Introduction / Context:
Microwave frequencies (roughly 1–30 GHz, extending into millimetre wave) underpin many communication infrastructures. Recognizing their broad applicability helps learners connect spectrum, antennas, and link design with real-world services.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Telephony includes point-to-point microwave backhaul and cellular microwave links.
• Radio broadcast includes studio-transmitter links and satellite program feeds.
• TV systems include terrestrial microwave relays, satellite distribution, and wireless video links.

Concept / Approach:
Although legacy consumer broadcast bands (AM/FM) sit below microwaves, the distribution networks and contribution links behind both radio and TV often use microwave relays or satellites. Telephony likewise uses microwave backhaul between towers, and modern cellular systems use microwave and millimetre-wave for small cells and fronthaul/backhaul.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Industry frequency allocation charts show numerous microwave bands designated for fixed service (FS), broadcast auxiliary services (BAS), and satellite services supporting telephony and TV/radio distribution.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Choosing only one system ignores the ubiquity of microwave backbone links across multiple services.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing consumer receive frequencies with network distribution layers; overlooking that much content delivery relies on microwave hops and satellite paths even if the last-mile broadcast is at VHF/UHF.

Final Answer:
all of the above