DNA segments that can move from one genomic location to another are known as what?

Introduction / Context:
Mobile DNA elements reshape genomes across evolution. They can insert, excise, or copy themselves, influencing gene regulation, genome size, and mutational landscapes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We are considering DNA sequences that change position within a genome.
• Movement may be cut-and-paste or copy-and-paste.
• Terminology distinguishes endogenous mobile elements from exogenous agents.

Concept / Approach:
Such sequences are called transposons (or transposable elements). DNA transposons use transposase for excision/integration, while retrotransposons use an RNA intermediate and reverse transcription.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Classic McClintock maize elements and modern genomic surveys reveal abundant transposable element families that relocate or copy within genomes.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Retroviruses: infectious agents requiring packaging and cell-to-cell transmission.
• Introns: noncoding segments removed by splicing; not mobile by default.
• Moving elements (generic): imprecise; the precise term is transposons.
• Centromeres: structural chromosomal loci; not mobile elements.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing retroviruses with endogenous retrotransposons; while related mechanisms exist, the term sought is transposons.

Final Answer:
Transposons