System start-up behavior Which type of memory is normally used to initialize a computer system’s hardware during power-on (bootstrapping)?

Introduction / Context:
When a computer powers on, the CPU needs initial instructions before any operating system loads. This critical program is known as the bootstrap or firmware code.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The bootstrap code must be available immediately after reset.
• It cannot rely on disks or RAM being initialized.
• Nonvolatile storage is required to retain code without power.

Concept / Approach:
Bootstrap memory refers to ROM/flash that holds firmware such as BIOS or UEFI. The CPU vectors to fixed addresses in this memory to begin hardware initialization and system configuration.

Step-by-Step Solution:
At power-on: CPU fetches from a predefined reset vector.The vector maps to nonvolatile bootstrap memory.Firmware initializes hardware, memory controllers, and loads the OS loader.

Verification / Alternative check:
Motherboards contain a flash ROM chip storing BIOS/UEFI; embedded systems use on-chip ROM/flash for bootloaders.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Volatile memory (e.g., DRAM/SRAM) loses content when power is off; it cannot hold initial code.External mass memory (disk) is not directly executable at reset and needs initialized controllers.Static memory (SRAM) describes a technology, not specifically the boot memory role.Cache memory depends on valid backing store and is not the bootstrap source.

Common Pitfalls:
Equating “static memory” with nonvolatility; SRAM is still volatile.

Final Answer:
Bootstrap memory