Interfacing logic families with different VCC — appropriate solution When two IC logic families operate at different supply voltages (VCC), which interface component is typically used to ensure correct logic-level translation?

Introduction / Context:
Modern systems often mix 5 V TTL-compatible parts with 3.3 V or lower-voltage CMOS devices. Directly connecting such parts can violate VIH/VIL/VOH/VOL requirements and even damage inputs. Proper level translation preserves signal integrity and device reliability.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Different VCC rails exist (e.g., 5 V and 3.3 V).
• Logic-high thresholds differ across families.
• Bidirectional or unidirectional translation may be needed.

Concept / Approach:
A level shifter (level translator) converts logic levels from one voltage domain to another. Solutions range from simple transistor or MOSFET-based shifters to dedicated translator ICs with direction control and fail-safe inputs. Pull-ups/downs and capacitors do not perform true level translation across domains by themselves.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Examine VIH/VIL tables for both families; ensure the translated levels meet or exceed target thresholds with margin.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Tristate shifter: “tristate” refers to output enable, not level translation.
• Decoupling capacitor: filters noise; does not shift levels.
• Pull-down resistor: sets default logic state; cannot raise VOH across domains.

Common Pitfalls:
Relying on resistor dividers at high speed (poor edge integrity) or forgetting overvoltage tolerance on low-VCC inputs.

Final Answer:
level-shifter