In manufacturing, what does Direct Numerical Control (DNC) refer to in terms of how computers coordinate machine tools on the shop floor?

Introduction / Context:
Shop-floor automation evolved from standalone NC machines reading punched tape to centralized systems. Direct Numerical Control (DNC) distributes part programs and coordinates multiple machine tools from a central computer, improving consistency and version control.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Multiple CNC/NC machines require program distribution and updates.
• Networking enables centralized storage and scheduling.
• Operators still supervise setups and machining.

Concept / Approach:
DNC means a central computer directly feeds or schedules part programs to several machines simultaneously or on demand. This reduces tape handling, minimizes program drift, and supports analytics. It contrasts with stand-alone operation where each machine uses local media.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Interpret “direct” as centralized coordination and streaming of programs. 2) Map to topology: one host computer servicing many machine tools. 3) Exclude descriptions that invert the topology or remove humans/computers entirely. 4) Choose “Using one computer to control several machines.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Manufacturing texts define DNC as central host to multiple NC/CNCs via serial/Ethernet links, confirming the definition.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Several computers to one machine is atypical. Full removal of operators or computers misrepresents modern practice. “None” is invalid because a standard definition exists.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming DNC eliminates operators; human oversight for setup, tool changes, and quality remains vital.

Final Answer:
Using one computer to control several machines