Building Pathology – Effects of dampness on finishes and fabric Which of the following problems can be caused by dampness in buildings?

Introduction / Context:
Dampness is the presence of unwanted moisture within building envelopes. It damages finishes, reduces durability, and can invite biological growth. Recognizing its effects guides diagnosis and preventive detailing such as damp-proof courses, proper drainage, and ventilation.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Moisture ingress via capillarity, leakage, condensation, or poor detailing.
• Typical masonry and plastered finishes.
• Organic materials and paints present on surfaces.

Concept / Approach:
Moisture dissolves salts which later crystallize as efflorescence when water evaporates. It weakens paint adhesion and causes bleaching or blistering. Prolonged damp degrades plaster bonds to the substrate, leading to crumbling. Persistently wet, poorly ventilated areas favour termites, mold, and algae.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Link moisture to salt transport ⇒ efflorescence.Link moisture to finish failure ⇒ paint bleaching, peeling, blistering.Link moisture to substrate decay ⇒ plaster softening and debonding.Link moisture to biological activity ⇒ termites and microbial growth.

Verification / Alternative check:
Remedial guides recommend source control (roofs, gutters), damp-proofing, breathable renders, and ventilation to combat precisely these issues—evidence that dampness triggers them.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Each listed effect is a documented consequence of dampness; therefore “All of the above” is the correct comprehensive choice.

Common Pitfalls:
Treating efflorescence as merely cosmetic; salt crystallization pressures can spall surfaces. Also, painting over damp areas without fixing the source guarantees recurrence.

Final Answer:
All of the above