Curing flat concrete elements — suitable on-site methods For pavements, floors, roofs, and slabs, which of the following curing methods are commonly used in practice to prevent early moisture loss and ensure proper hydration?

Introduction / Context:
Curing maintains adequate moisture and temperature for cement hydration, particularly critical for broad, exposed elements like slabs and pavements. Different site conditions call for different curing techniques to control evaporation and thermal gradients.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Fresh concrete in slabs, floors, pavements, and roofs.
• Hot/dry or windy conditions may accelerate evaporation.
• Practical job-site methods are being considered.

Concept / Approach:

All listed methods (a–e) are recognized approaches: curing compounds form a membrane; ponding offers continuous water contact; wet coverings retain moisture; sprinkling periodically replenishes surface water; shading reduces solar heating and evaporation. In many specifications, combinations are used (e.g., initial shading followed by wet coverings or membrane application). Since the question lists methods individually and asks which are used, each one is valid. To fit a single correct option format, one representative correct method is selected and justified below.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Construction manuals describe each method as acceptable depending on logistics, water availability, and finish requirements.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• They are not wrong in practice; this item is structured to select one acceptable method among several. In comprehensive guidance, all are acceptable and are often combined.

Common Pitfalls:

• Stopping curing too early; minimum curing durations per cement type and ambient conditions must be observed.

Final Answer:

Providing shading of the concrete surface.