Meiotic configurations and structural heterozygosity A cross-shaped (plus-shaped) or ring-of-four configuration at metaphase I typically occurs in which situation?

Introduction / Context:
Chromosome pairing at meiosis reflects homology. Structural heterozygotes often form distinctive multivalent configurations, which help diagnose rearrangements cytologically.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Metaphase I of meiosis is considered.
• Four chromosomes are involved in a stable association.
• Shape is a cross or ring of four (quadrivalent).

Concept / Approach:
In reciprocal translocation heterozygotes, parts of nonhomologous chromosomes are exchanged. During meiosis, homologous regions must still pair, generating a quadrivalent—often cross-shaped or ring—so that like segments align. This is distinct from the effects of deletions or simple duplications, which usually cause loops, not a ring-of-four.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Genetic segregation patterns (alternate vs adjacent segregation) and cytology corroborate translocation heterozygosity when quadrivalents are observed.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Deficiency: pairing loop due to missing segment, not ring-of-four.
• Haploid: typically univalents; quadrivalents require homologous pairs.
• Duplication: loop of the duplicated segment during synapsis, not a four-chromosome ring.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing inversion loops with translocation quadrivalents; inversions produce loops within a single bivalent.

Final Answer:
Translocation heterozygote (reciprocal translocation)