Seasonal effect on Carnot refrigerator performance Comparing seasons for the same refrigerated space temperature, how does the C.O.P. of a Carnot refrigerator in winter compare with its C.O.P. in summer?

Introduction / Context:
The Carnot refrigerator offers a theoretical upper bound on performance: C.O.P._Carnot = TL / (TH − TL), where TL is the refrigerated space (cold reservoir) temperature and TH is the heat-rejection (hot reservoir) temperature. Seasonal ambient temperature shifts change TH for air-cooled systems, altering the C.O.P.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The refrigerated space temperature TL is the same in winter and summer.
• Heat is rejected to ambient air; thus TH is lower in winter and higher in summer.
• Idealized Carnot behavior used for comparison.

Concept / Approach:
Since C.O.P._Carnot = TL / (TH − TL), reducing TH (winter) decreases the denominator while TL stays fixed, thereby increasing the C.O.P. Conversely, a hotter ambient (summer) increases the denominator and reduces C.O.P. Hence the Carnot refrigerator is theoretically more efficient in winter.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Substitute representative values, e.g., TL = 273 K, TH_summer = 308 K vs TH_winter = 293 K. Then COP_summer = 273/(308−273) ≈ 7.8; COP_winter = 273/(293−273) ≈ 13.7, illustrating the increase.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Same or Lower: contradict the Carnot relationship when TH changes.“Unchanged if water-cooled”: even water-cooled systems experience seasonal drift unless the water is temperature-controlled; the theoretical statement remains tied to TH.Indeterminate: the direction is determinate under standard assumptions.

Common Pitfalls:
Mixing up C.O.P. for heat pumps vs refrigerators; a heat pump C.O.P. uses TH in the numerator but the same conclusion (improved performance at lower lift) holds qualitatively.

Final Answer:

Higher