Hex to binary conversion: Convert the hexadecimal number 93FA₁₆ to its binary equivalent (group in 4-bit nibbles for clarity).

Introduction / Context:
Hexadecimal is a compact human-readable notation for binary because each hex digit corresponds to exactly four binary bits (a nibble). Converting hex to binary is therefore a straightforward substitution task—ideal practice for digital design and low-level programming.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Hex input: 93FA₁₆.
• We must write the exact binary sequence.
• Mapping is 0→0000 through F→1111.

Concept / Approach:
Replace each hex digit with its 4-bit binary equivalent: 9→1001, 3→0011, F→1111, A→1010. Concatenate in the same order to form the full binary number.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Write nibbles: 9 3 F A.Convert: 9→1001, 3→0011, F→1111, A→1010.Concatenate: 1001 0011 1111 1010 → 1001001111111010₂.

Verification / Alternative check:
Back-convert by grouping the binary into nibbles: 1001 0011 1111 1010 → 9 3 F A → 93FA₁₆. The round-trip confirms accuracy.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
(b) has an extra bit. (c) and (d) contain scrambled groupings that do not reproduce 93FA₁₆. (e) is invalid since a correct option exists.

Common Pitfalls:
Dropping leading zeros within a nibble or mis-grouping bits. Keep 4 bits per hex digit.

Final Answer:
1001001111111010₂.