Q: In C/C++, you mark the beginning of a function’s block (compound statement) with which delimiter?

Introduction / Context: C and C++ functions contain a body that is a block (also called a compound statement). Correctly marking the start and end of that block is crucial for parsing and for the scope rules that govern variables and control structures. This question asks which symbol begins the block. Given Data / Assumptions: Language syntax is standard ISO C/C++. A function definition includes a return type, name, parameter list, and a body. The body is a block enclosed in delimiters. Concept / Approach: A block in C/C++ is delimited by a left brace '{' to begin and a right brace '}' to end. Other symbols such as '/' and '' are used in comments or operators; they are not block delimiters. The delimiters define lexical scope for declarations and control statements. Step-by-Step Solution: Write a minimal function: int f() { return 0; }The '{' immediately after the signature starts the function's block; '}' ends it.Therefore, the correct delimiter for beginning the block is '{'. Verification / Alternative check: Compilers will emit syntax errors if the opening brace is missing or mismatched, confirming its role as the block opener. Why Other Options Are Wrong: '/', '*': Not block delimiters; they participate in comments or arithmetic. '}': Closes a block; it does not begin one. either (c) or (d): False; only '{' begins the block while '}' ends it. Common Pitfalls: Mismatching braces, especially in deeply nested code. Placing declarations outside the intended scope because of misplaced braces. Final Answer: {

Q: In algorithm design and programming, the step-by-step instructions that solve a problem are called what?

Introduction / Context: Software development begins with a precise, step-by-step method for solving a problem. This method should be unambiguous, finite, and effective. In computer science terminology, such a method has a specific name that distinguishes it from informal plans or mere data listings. Given Data / Assumptions: The question concerns fundamental terminology used in programming and CS theory. We focus on a set of steps that lead from input to output. Clarity, definiteness, and finiteness are implied. Concept / Approach: An algorithm is a finite sequence of well-defined steps that transforms input to output and terminates. A list is simply an ordered collection of items; it need not solve a problem. A plan can be vague or informal and may not be computationally precise. A sequential structure is one control-flow pattern used inside algorithms, not the algorithm itself. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify the defining properties: finiteness, definiteness, effectiveness.Match the concept that meets all properties: an algorithm.Eliminate terms that lack formal precision or that denote different concepts. Verification / Alternative check: Classic examples include Euclid's algorithm for GCD, binary search, and Dijkstra's shortest path method—each is a sequence of precise, terminating steps. Why Other Options Are Wrong: a list: Describes data, not a problem-solving procedure. a plan: Informal and may be non-algorithmic. a sequential structure: Only one control construct; algorithms can use multiple constructs. None of the above: Incorrect because 'an algorithm' is the established term. Common Pitfalls: Confusing pseudocode (a way to express an algorithm) with the algorithm itself. Assuming any set of steps is an algorithm without ensuring termination and definiteness. Final Answer: an algorithm

Q: C++ I/O streams: assess the statement—“Some streams work with input, and some with output.” Select True or False.

Introduction / Context: C++ uses a rich stream abstraction for input and output. Different stream classes handle reading and writing, sometimes in combination. Grasping which streams are for input and which are for output is essential when selecting the appropriate headers, objects, and operators in your program. Given Data / Assumptions: Standard library components such as std::istream, std::ostream, and std::iostream. Console streams (std::cin, std::cout, std::cerr) and file streams (std::ifstream, std::ofstream, std::fstream). Operator usage: >> extracts (input) and << inserts (output). Concept / Approach: Input-only streams (e.g., std::istream, std::ifstream) support extraction operations. Output-only streams (e.g., std::ostream, std::ofstream) support insertion operations. Bidirectional streams (e.g., std::iostream, std::fstream) can perform both, depending on open modes. Step-by-Step Explanation: Identify class roles: istream → input, ostream → output, iostream → both.Map to common objects: std::cin is an istream; std::cout/std::cerr are ostreams.File streams mirror this: ifstream (in), ofstream (out), fstream (in/out). Verification / Alternative check: Compile a small snippet using ifstream to read and ofstream to write; the types enforce directionality through available operations and open modes. Why Other Options Are Wrong: False: Incorrect because standard stream classes are explicitly separated by direction, with some combined classes supporting both. Common Pitfalls: Attempting to write to an ifstream or read from an ofstream without opening modes or using the proper class. Confusing line-buffered behavior of std::cout with flushing requirements. Final Answer: True

Q: In object-oriented programming with C++, a base class may also be referred to by which alternative term?

Introduction / Context: Object-oriented programming (OOP) organizes code into classes related by inheritance. Familiarity with the vocabulary—base class, derived class, parent class, child class, superclass, subclass—helps you read documentation and design hierarchies accurately across languages like C++, Java, and Python. Given Data / Assumptions: We are discussing single or multiple inheritance in C++. The term 'base class' denotes the class whose members are inherited. We must pick the common synonym for 'base class.' Concept / Approach: In many texts, 'base class' ≈ 'parent class' ≈ 'superclass' (C++ commonly says base; Java often says superclass). Conversely, 'derived class' ≈ 'child class' ≈ 'subclass'—these inherit from the base. Step-by-Step Reasoning: Map terms: base ↔ parent/superclass; derived ↔ child/subclass.Select the synonym that matches 'base class': 'parent class'.Eliminate terms that actually refer to the inheriting class. Verification / Alternative check: Check standard C++ literature: a derived class lists its base classes in its declaration (class B : public A {}), where A is the base/parent. Why Other Options Are Wrong: child class / subclass / derived class: These refer to the inheriting class, not the class being inherited from. None of the above: Incorrect because 'parent class' is the accepted synonym. Common Pitfalls: Interchanging subclass/superclass terminology and reversing the relationship. Forgetting access specifiers (public/protected/private) affect inheritance visibility but not the naming. Final Answer: parent class

Q: Parameter passing in C++: of the three common ways (by value, by reference, by pointer), which two allow a function to modify the caller’s original argument?

Introduction / Context: How arguments are passed to functions determines whether the callee can change the caller's variables. In C++, three idioms are prevalent: pass by value, pass by reference, and pass by pointer. Understanding their effects on mutability and performance is fundamental to API design and safe coding practices. Given Data / Assumptions: Language: C++ with references and pointers. Goal: identify which methods allow modification of the original object/variable. Arrays in parameter lists decay to pointers, but syntactic sugar does not change the underlying semantics. Concept / Approach: By value: a copy is passed; changes affect only the local copy. By reference: an alias is passed; changes affect the caller's variable. By pointer: an address is passed; dereferencing and writing changes the caller's object. Step-by-Step Explanation: Evaluate each method: value (no external change), reference (allows change), pointer (allows change).Identify the two that enable modification: reference and pointer.Confirm that passing arrays typically passes a pointer to the first element, but semantics depend on how the callee uses it. Verification / Alternative check: Example: void inc(int& x){++x;} and void incp(int* p){++*p;} both change the caller's variable when invoked correctly. Why Other Options Are Wrong: array, location / array, pointer: Not the canonical categories; 'location' is not a C++ passing method, and 'array' is not distinct from pointer semantics in parameters. None of the above: Incorrect because reference and pointer do allow modification. value, pointer: Passing by value does not modify the caller's original. Common Pitfalls: Confusing const references/pointers (which prevent modification) with non-const ones. Dangling pointers/references when returning or storing addresses of local variables. Final Answer: reference, pointer

Q: C++ templates: regarding a template function's generic parameter name, which statement is correct?

Introduction / Context: Template functions in C++ introduce type parameters using identifiers declared in a template parameter list. While 'T' is a traditional, short name used in examples, the language imposes no requirement to use that specific identifier. Understanding this clarifies template readability and naming conventions in real-world codebases. Given Data / Assumptions: We are discussing function templates, not only class templates. The template parameter identifier is programmer-chosen. Names must follow C++ identifier rules and be unique within the template parameter list. Concept / Approach: A template parameter list might look like: template or template. The identifier (T, U, ValueType, Key, etc.) can be any valid name. Style guides often encourage descriptive names for clarity in generic code. Step-by-Step Reasoning: Recognize that 'T' is conventional but not mandatory.Confirm by examples: template ValueType max(ValueType a, ValueType b).Therefore, the correct statement is that the generic type can be named T, among many other legal names. Verification / Alternative check: Inspect standard library templates: identifiers vary widely (T, U, CharT, Traits, Allocator), demonstrating flexibility in naming. Why Other Options Are Wrong: must be T / cannot be T: Both contradict the language rules that impose no such restriction. cannot be T for user functions: No special privilege exists for standard library vs user code. None of the above: Incorrect because 'can be T' accurately reflects reality. Common Pitfalls: Overusing single-letter names in complex templates where descriptive names improve clarity. Confusing 'class' and 'typename' in parameter lists; both are valid keywords for type parameters. Final Answer: can be T

Q: In C++ exception handling, what does a default catch-all block (written as catch(...)) actually catch when placed after more specific handlers?

Introduction / Context: C++ allows exception handling with try, catch, and throw. A special form, catch(...), is a catch-all handler often used as a last resort to prevent exceptions from escaping a scope. Understanding its exact behavior ensures exceptions are handled in the intended order and with appropriate specificity. Given Data / Assumptions: Handlers are evaluated in lexical order after a throw within a corresponding try block. Specific catch types (e.g., catch(const std::exception&)) appear before catch(...). catch(...) matches any exception type if no earlier handler matches. Concept / Approach: Handler selection proceeds top-to-bottom; the first matching catch executes. catch(...) is a wildcard that matches any exception type not already matched. It does not preempt earlier specific handlers nor re-catch already handled exceptions. Step-by-Step Solution: Place specific handlers first: catch(const X&), catch(const Y&).Add catch(... ) last to handle any remaining unmatched exceptions.Therefore, it catches “any thrown object that has not been caught by an earlier catch block”. Verification / Alternative check: Compile a sample with different throw types; observe that catch(...) triggers only when no prior type-compatible catch block exists. Why Other Options Are Wrong: All thrown objects: Incorrect; earlier specific catches take precedence. No thrown objects: False; it definitely handles unmatched exceptions. All thrown objects that have been caught earlier: Handlers do not re-catch already handled exceptions. None of the above: Incorrect because option C is precise. Common Pitfalls: Placing catch(...) before specific handlers, which would mask them. Using catch(...) to suppress diagnostics, making debugging harder. Final Answer: any thrown object that has not been caught by an earlier catch block

Q: In modular C++ design, using a Wardrobe structure inside a ShopList structure demonstrates which good programming principle?

Introduction / Context: Large programs benefit from composing complex types out of simpler, well-tested components. When a structure (Wardrobe) is embedded within another structure (ShopList), the design encourages code and data-model reuse. This practice aligns with modularity and helps avoid duplication. Given Data / Assumptions: C++ structures (or classes) can contain members that are other structures. Wardrobe is already designed and tested. ShopList needs Wardrobe-like capability and embeds it rather than reinventing it. Concept / Approach: Reusability means leveraging existing components in new contexts. Polymorphism concerns substituting objects via a common interface (virtuals/templates), not mere embedding. Redundancy is the opposite of good design; it duplicates logic. Recursion is a control-flow technique where a function calls itself. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify the relationship: ShopList has-a Wardrobe → composition.Composition demonstrates reuse of Wardrobe's fields/behaviors.Therefore, the principle highlighted is reusability through composition. Verification / Alternative check: Compare to inheritance or duplication. Composition avoids duplicating code and keeps responsibilities separated, which confirms reusability. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Polymorphism: Not implied by simple embedding. Redundancy: Not a benefit; it is what we avoid. Recursion: Unrelated to data structure composition. None of the above: Incorrect since reusability applies. Common Pitfalls: Overusing inheritance where composition (and reuse) is more appropriate. Copy-pasting similar fields instead of embedding a reusable type. Final Answer: reusability

Question 1

In C++ templates, the type used when instantiating a class template must follow the generic class name (for example, MyContainer<int>). Identify the correct phrase that completes this rule.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: C++ supports generic programming through class templates. When you create a specific version of a template (an instantiation), you must supply the actual type argument(s). The correct placement and syntax of those type arguments is a core part of template usage and a frequent source of beginner mistakes. Given Data / Assumptions: The language is standard C++ with template syntax. We are dealing with a class template, such as template class Box { }. Instantiation means writing a concrete type like Box or Box. Concept / Approach: Class templates are named types that accept template parameters in angle brackets <...>. When instantiating, the concrete type parameter is written immediately after the generic class name, forming a template-id (e.g., Box). Keywords like template or class appear only in the template's declaration, not during ordinary instantiation in user code. Step-by-Step Solution: Consider template class Vector { }.To instantiate with int, you write: Vector v; The type 'int' follows the generic class name 'Vector' within < >.You do not write 'template' or 'class' at the use site; those belong to the template declaration.Therefore, the type used in an instantiation follows the generic class name. Verification / Alternative check: Check other examples: std::vector, std::map, std::unique_ptr. In each case, concrete types are placed directly after the template's name in angle brackets. Why Other Options Are Wrong: the keyword template: Used in declarations or dependent-name contexts, not when simply instantiating a class template. the keyword class: Appears inside template parameter lists, not at the point of instantiation. the template definition: The definition is where the template is declared/implemented, not where it is instantiated. None of the above: Incorrect because the rule is exactly that the type follows the generic class name. Common Pitfalls: Forgetting angle brackets or misplacing spaces that break parsing (e.g., >> vs > > in older standards). Confusing declaration-time syntax with use-site instantiation syntax. Final Answer: the generic class name

Question 2

Core control structures in computer programs: identify which type of statement does NOT occur among sequence, selection, and loop constructs.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Most imperative programming languages are built around a small set of control structures that govern the order of execution. Recognizing these fundamental constructs is essential for reading code, designing algorithms, and reasoning about program flow across languages such as C, C++, Java, and Python. Given Data / Assumptions: Standard control structures considered: sequence, selection, and iteration (loop). We need to identify which option is not a genuine control structure kind. Terminology refers to concepts, not specific keywords. Concept / Approach: Sequence: the default order in which statements execute one after another. Selection: conditional branching (if, else-if, switch) to choose between alternative paths. Loop (iteration): repeated execution (for, while, do-while, foreach) until a condition changes. Denial is not a control-structure category in programming theory. Step-by-Step Solution: List the canonical categories: sequence, selection, iteration.Compare each option to the canonical set.Identify the outlier: 'denial' does not correspond to any standard program control structure. Verification / Alternative check: Survey common language manuals: no core construct named 'denial' exists; instead, conditional and looping constructs are universal. Why Other Options Are Wrong: sequence: Fundamental and present in all imperative languages. loop: Fundamental for repetition (iteration). selection: Fundamental for branching decisions. None of the above: Incorrect because there is indeed one non-existent construct (denial). Common Pitfalls: Mistaking logical negation (NOT) as a control structure; it is an operator used inside conditions, not a top-level flow control category. Final Answer: denial

Question 3

In C/C++ input–output, the newline character (line break) is always included within the control string (for example, " " in a printf/format string) when you explicitly want a new line. Identify the correct phrase.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In C and C++ style formatted I/O, the programmer controls layout using a control (format) string. To end a line or start a new one, the newline character is explicitly placed in that control string, most commonly using the escape sequence '
'. Understanding where line breaks are specified helps produce correctly formatted console output and log files. Given Data / Assumptions: Languages: C or C++ (printf/scanf family, iostreams formatting by analogy). We refer to the programmer-specified format text passed to output functions. Objective: decide where the newline character is included when you want a line break. Concept / Approach: A control string (format string) is a string literal that contains ordinary characters and escape sequences (e.g., 
, 	). Newline is not implied by parentheses or braces; those are syntactic delimiters for code blocks and function calls. The ampersand '&' is an address-of operator in C/C++, unrelated to printing a newline. Step-by-Step Solution: Consider printf("Hello
"); The newline is inside the control string literal.Without '
' (or std::endl), no newline appears unless the environment adds one.Thus, when you want a newline, you include it in the control string (or use a manipulator that emits it). Verification / Alternative check: C++ iostreams: std::cout << "Hello" << std::endl; Here std::endl inserts a newline and flushes; it is the logical counterpart to writing '
' in a control string. Why Other Options Are Wrong: pair of parentheses: Only delimit argument lists; they do not add newlines. pair of curly braces: Delimit blocks or initializer lists; no output semantics. &: Address-of operator in expressions; unrelated to line breaks. None of the above: Incorrect because 'control string' is correct. Common Pitfalls: Forgetting '
' and wondering why output appears on the same line. Confusing '
' with platform-specific line endings; std::endl is portable at the logical level. Final Answer: control string

Question 4

In C/C++, you mark the beginning of a function’s block (compound statement) with which delimiter?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: C and C++ functions contain a body that is a block (also called a compound statement). Correctly marking the start and end of that block is crucial for parsing and for the scope rules that govern variables and control structures. This question asks which symbol begins the block. Given Data / Assumptions: Language syntax is standard ISO C/C++. A function definition includes a return type, name, parameter list, and a body. The body is a block enclosed in delimiters. Concept / Approach: A block in C/C++ is delimited by a left brace '{' to begin and a right brace '}' to end. Other symbols such as '/' and '' are used in comments or operators; they are not block delimiters. The delimiters define lexical scope for declarations and control statements. Step-by-Step Solution: Write a minimal function: int f() { return 0; }The '{' immediately after the signature starts the function's block; '}' ends it.Therefore, the correct delimiter for beginning the block is '{'. Verification / Alternative check: Compilers will emit syntax errors if the opening brace is missing or mismatched, confirming its role as the block opener. Why Other Options Are Wrong: '/', '*': Not block delimiters; they participate in comments or arithmetic. '}': Closes a block; it does not begin one. either (c) or (d): False; only '{' begins the block while '}' ends it. Common Pitfalls: Mismatching braces, especially in deeply nested code. Placing declarations outside the intended scope because of misplaced braces. Final Answer: {

Question 5

In algorithm design and programming, the step-by-step instructions that solve a problem are called what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Software development begins with a precise, step-by-step method for solving a problem. This method should be unambiguous, finite, and effective. In computer science terminology, such a method has a specific name that distinguishes it from informal plans or mere data listings. Given Data / Assumptions: The question concerns fundamental terminology used in programming and CS theory. We focus on a set of steps that lead from input to output. Clarity, definiteness, and finiteness are implied. Concept / Approach: An algorithm is a finite sequence of well-defined steps that transforms input to output and terminates. A list is simply an ordered collection of items; it need not solve a problem. A plan can be vague or informal and may not be computationally precise. A sequential structure is one control-flow pattern used inside algorithms, not the algorithm itself. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify the defining properties: finiteness, definiteness, effectiveness.Match the concept that meets all properties: an algorithm.Eliminate terms that lack formal precision or that denote different concepts. Verification / Alternative check: Classic examples include Euclid's algorithm for GCD, binary search, and Dijkstra's shortest path method—each is a sequence of precise, terminating steps. Why Other Options Are Wrong: a list: Describes data, not a problem-solving procedure. a plan: Informal and may be non-algorithmic. a sequential structure: Only one control construct; algorithms can use multiple constructs. None of the above: Incorrect because 'an algorithm' is the established term. Common Pitfalls: Confusing pseudocode (a way to express an algorithm) with the algorithm itself. Assuming any set of steps is an algorithm without ensuring termination and definiteness. Final Answer: an algorithm

Question 6

C++ I/O streams: assess the statement—“Some streams work with input, and some with output.” Select True or False.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: C++ uses a rich stream abstraction for input and output. Different stream classes handle reading and writing, sometimes in combination. Grasping which streams are for input and which are for output is essential when selecting the appropriate headers, objects, and operators in your program. Given Data / Assumptions: Standard library components such as std::istream, std::ostream, and std::iostream. Console streams (std::cin, std::cout, std::cerr) and file streams (std::ifstream, std::ofstream, std::fstream). Operator usage: >> extracts (input) and << inserts (output). Concept / Approach: Input-only streams (e.g., std::istream, std::ifstream) support extraction operations. Output-only streams (e.g., std::ostream, std::ofstream) support insertion operations. Bidirectional streams (e.g., std::iostream, std::fstream) can perform both, depending on open modes. Step-by-Step Explanation: Identify class roles: istream → input, ostream → output, iostream → both.Map to common objects: std::cin is an istream; std::cout/std::cerr are ostreams.File streams mirror this: ifstream (in), ofstream (out), fstream (in/out). Verification / Alternative check: Compile a small snippet using ifstream to read and ofstream to write; the types enforce directionality through available operations and open modes. Why Other Options Are Wrong: False: Incorrect because standard stream classes are explicitly separated by direction, with some combined classes supporting both. Common Pitfalls: Attempting to write to an ifstream or read from an ofstream without opening modes or using the proper class. Confusing line-buffered behavior of std::cout with flushing requirements. Final Answer: True

Question 7

In object-oriented programming with C++, a base class may also be referred to by which alternative term?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Object-oriented programming (OOP) organizes code into classes related by inheritance. Familiarity with the vocabulary—base class, derived class, parent class, child class, superclass, subclass—helps you read documentation and design hierarchies accurately across languages like C++, Java, and Python. Given Data / Assumptions: We are discussing single or multiple inheritance in C++. The term 'base class' denotes the class whose members are inherited. We must pick the common synonym for 'base class.' Concept / Approach: In many texts, 'base class' ≈ 'parent class' ≈ 'superclass' (C++ commonly says base; Java often says superclass). Conversely, 'derived class' ≈ 'child class' ≈ 'subclass'—these inherit from the base. Step-by-Step Reasoning: Map terms: base ↔ parent/superclass; derived ↔ child/subclass.Select the synonym that matches 'base class': 'parent class'.Eliminate terms that actually refer to the inheriting class. Verification / Alternative check: Check standard C++ literature: a derived class lists its base classes in its declaration (class B : public A {}), where A is the base/parent. Why Other Options Are Wrong: child class / subclass / derived class: These refer to the inheriting class, not the class being inherited from. None of the above: Incorrect because 'parent class' is the accepted synonym. Common Pitfalls: Interchanging subclass/superclass terminology and reversing the relationship. Forgetting access specifiers (public/protected/private) affect inheritance visibility but not the naming. Final Answer: parent class

Question 8

Parameter passing in C++: of the three common ways (by value, by reference, by pointer), which two allow a function to modify the caller’s original argument?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: How arguments are passed to functions determines whether the callee can change the caller's variables. In C++, three idioms are prevalent: pass by value, pass by reference, and pass by pointer. Understanding their effects on mutability and performance is fundamental to API design and safe coding practices. Given Data / Assumptions: Language: C++ with references and pointers. Goal: identify which methods allow modification of the original object/variable. Arrays in parameter lists decay to pointers, but syntactic sugar does not change the underlying semantics. Concept / Approach: By value: a copy is passed; changes affect only the local copy. By reference: an alias is passed; changes affect the caller's variable. By pointer: an address is passed; dereferencing and writing changes the caller's object. Step-by-Step Explanation: Evaluate each method: value (no external change), reference (allows change), pointer (allows change).Identify the two that enable modification: reference and pointer.Confirm that passing arrays typically passes a pointer to the first element, but semantics depend on how the callee uses it. Verification / Alternative check: Example: void inc(int& x){++x;} and void incp(int* p){++*p;} both change the caller's variable when invoked correctly. Why Other Options Are Wrong: array, location / array, pointer: Not the canonical categories; 'location' is not a C++ passing method, and 'array' is not distinct from pointer semantics in parameters. None of the above: Incorrect because reference and pointer do allow modification. value, pointer: Passing by value does not modify the caller's original. Common Pitfalls: Confusing const references/pointers (which prevent modification) with non-const ones. Dangling pointers/references when returning or storing addresses of local variables. Final Answer: reference, pointer

Question 9

C++ templates: regarding a template function's generic parameter name, which statement is correct?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Template functions in C++ introduce type parameters using identifiers declared in a template parameter list. While 'T' is a traditional, short name used in examples, the language imposes no requirement to use that specific identifier. Understanding this clarifies template readability and naming conventions in real-world codebases. Given Data / Assumptions: We are discussing function templates, not only class templates. The template parameter identifier is programmer-chosen. Names must follow C++ identifier rules and be unique within the template parameter list. Concept / Approach: A template parameter list might look like: template or template. The identifier (T, U, ValueType, Key, etc.) can be any valid name. Style guides often encourage descriptive names for clarity in generic code. Step-by-Step Reasoning: Recognize that 'T' is conventional but not mandatory.Confirm by examples: template ValueType max(ValueType a, ValueType b).Therefore, the correct statement is that the generic type can be named T, among many other legal names. Verification / Alternative check: Inspect standard library templates: identifiers vary widely (T, U, CharT, Traits, Allocator), demonstrating flexibility in naming. Why Other Options Are Wrong: must be T / cannot be T: Both contradict the language rules that impose no such restriction. cannot be T for user functions: No special privilege exists for standard library vs user code. None of the above: Incorrect because 'can be T' accurately reflects reality. Common Pitfalls: Overusing single-letter names in complex templates where descriptive names improve clarity. Confusing 'class' and 'typename' in parameter lists; both are valid keywords for type parameters. Final Answer: can be T

Question 10

In C/C++ programming, which one of the following statements about functions is false? Choose the incorrect claim while keeping in mind that programmer-defined functions may return values or be void and can be reused across a program.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Functions are fundamental building blocks in C and C++ that package a sequence of statements into a named, reusable unit. A solid grasp of what functions can and cannot do is essential for modular design, maintainability, and testing. This question asks you to identify the single false statement among several common claims about functions. Given Data / Assumptions: We are discussing standard C/C++ user-defined and library functions. Functions may return a value (non-void) or return nothing (void). Programs routinely call functions multiple times from various locations. Concept / Approach: A function encapsulates a specific task and can be invoked whenever that task is needed. Good design decomposes complex problems into smaller functions for clarity and reuse. There is no language restriction that limits a function to a single invocation. Step-by-Step Solution: Scan each statement for correctness based on standard function semantics.Statements about task encapsulation, decomposition, reuse, and void/value-returning functions are all true.The claim that a function can be called only once is false. Functions can be called any number of times, including zero, once, or thousands of times. Verification / Alternative check: Consider a utility like max(a, b) or std::sort: these are intentionally designed to be reused and called multiple times in a single program run. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A function is a block that performs a task: True for all mainstream languages. Breaking large problems into smaller functions: True and a core design principle. Using existing code to perform common tasks: True—this is reuse. Programmer-defined functions can be value-returning or void: True in C/C++. Common Pitfalls: Confusing a function's definition (written once) with its calls (used many times). Believing recursion or multiple calls require special permission—both are ordinary features. Final Answer: Functions can be called, or invoked, only once in a program

Question 11

In C++ exception handling, what does a default catch-all block (written as catch(...)) actually catch when placed after more specific handlers?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: C++ allows exception handling with try, catch, and throw. A special form, catch(...), is a catch-all handler often used as a last resort to prevent exceptions from escaping a scope. Understanding its exact behavior ensures exceptions are handled in the intended order and with appropriate specificity. Given Data / Assumptions: Handlers are evaluated in lexical order after a throw within a corresponding try block. Specific catch types (e.g., catch(const std::exception&)) appear before catch(...). catch(...) matches any exception type if no earlier handler matches. Concept / Approach: Handler selection proceeds top-to-bottom; the first matching catch executes. catch(...) is a wildcard that matches any exception type not already matched. It does not preempt earlier specific handlers nor re-catch already handled exceptions. Step-by-Step Solution: Place specific handlers first: catch(const X&), catch(const Y&).Add catch(... ) last to handle any remaining unmatched exceptions.Therefore, it catches “any thrown object that has not been caught by an earlier catch block”. Verification / Alternative check: Compile a sample with different throw types; observe that catch(...) triggers only when no prior type-compatible catch block exists. Why Other Options Are Wrong: All thrown objects: Incorrect; earlier specific catches take precedence. No thrown objects: False; it definitely handles unmatched exceptions. All thrown objects that have been caught earlier: Handlers do not re-catch already handled exceptions. None of the above: Incorrect because option C is precise. Common Pitfalls: Placing catch(...) before specific handlers, which would mask them. Using catch(...) to suppress diagnostics, making debugging harder. Final Answer: any thrown object that has not been caught by an earlier catch block

Question 12

In modular C++ design, using a Wardrobe structure inside a ShopList structure demonstrates which good programming principle?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Large programs benefit from composing complex types out of simpler, well-tested components. When a structure (Wardrobe) is embedded within another structure (ShopList), the design encourages code and data-model reuse. This practice aligns with modularity and helps avoid duplication. Given Data / Assumptions: C++ structures (or classes) can contain members that are other structures. Wardrobe is already designed and tested. ShopList needs Wardrobe-like capability and embeds it rather than reinventing it. Concept / Approach: Reusability means leveraging existing components in new contexts. Polymorphism concerns substituting objects via a common interface (virtuals/templates), not mere embedding. Redundancy is the opposite of good design; it duplicates logic. Recursion is a control-flow technique where a function calls itself. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify the relationship: ShopList has-a Wardrobe → composition.Composition demonstrates reuse of Wardrobe's fields/behaviors.Therefore, the principle highlighted is reusability through composition. Verification / Alternative check: Compare to inheritance or duplication. Composition avoids duplicating code and keeps responsibilities separated, which confirms reusability. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Polymorphism: Not implied by simple embedding. Redundancy: Not a benefit; it is what we avoid. Recursion: Unrelated to data structure composition. None of the above: Incorrect since reusability applies. Common Pitfalls: Overusing inheritance where composition (and reuse) is more appropriate. Copy-pasting similar fields instead of embedding a reusable type. Final Answer: reusability

Question 13

In C++ iostreams, a function (often a free function) that changes the formatting state of std::cout via the insertion operator << is called a what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: C++ iostreams provide a flexible way to format output. Certain helper functions, when used with the insertion operator <<, modify stream state or formatting flags—changing width, fill, precision, or emitting line breaks and flushes. These helpers have a specific name in the standard library vocabulary. Given Data / Assumptions: Output stream: std::cout (type std::ostream). Helpers like std::setw, std::setfill, std::setprecision, std::endl. They work via operator overloading on streams. Concept / Approach: A manipulator is a function or object used with << (or >>) to adjust the stream's state or format. They are usually declared in or (e.g., std::setw, std::endl). They are not necessarily members of std::ostream; many are free functions. Step-by-Step Solution: Recognize that std::endl inserts a newline and flushes → a manipulator.std::setw(10) sets field width → a manipulator.Hence the correct term for such functions is “manipulator”. Verification / Alternative check: Check headers: defines several manipulators; their usage pattern matches stream manipulators. Why Other Options Are Wrong: member: Many manipulators are not members of std::ostream. adjuster: Not standard terminology, even if suggestive. operator: The << operator is used, but the function itself is called a manipulator. None of the above: Incorrect because “manipulator” is the proper term. Common Pitfalls: Confusing manipulators with format flags directly set by std::ios_base::fmtflags. Assuming std::endl is identical to " "; it also flushes. Final Answer: manipulator

Question 14

C++ file streams: which std::ios open mode flag tells the library to open a file for input (reading)?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When working with std::fstream, std::ifstream, or std::ofstream, you specify open modes using std::ios flags. Correct selection of flags controls whether the file is opened for reading, writing, appending, truncation, or binary access. This question focuses on the flag that enables input operations. Given Data / Assumptions: Standard C++ iostreams and fstreams are used. We distinguish between reading (input) and writing (output) modes. Flags may be combined with bitwise OR for multiple behaviors. Concept / Approach: ios::in opens for reading. ios::out opens for writing. ios::app appends all output to the end of the file. Other strings like “add::ios” or “in::file” are not valid std::ios flags. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify the correct constant: ios::in.Example: std::ifstream f("data.txt", std::ios::in); enables reads with operator>> or read().Therefore, the correct answer is ios::in. Verification / Alternative check: Opening with std::ifstream f("file"); implicitly uses ios::in; attempting to write will fail since it is read-only. Why Other Options Are Wrong: ios::app: Appending output; not input. ios::out: Output (writing) mode. add::ios / in::file: Not valid C++ flags. Common Pitfalls: Forgetting to combine ios::in | ios::binary for binary input. Assuming ios::out implies read access; it does not. Final Answer: ios::in

Question 15

C/C++ preprocessor basics: the #ifndef directive tests whether which entity has NOT been previously defined?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The C/C++ preprocessor runs before compilation and handles directives like #define, #include, and conditional compilation. #ifndef is commonly used in header guards to ensure a file is processed only once even if included multiple times. Understanding what #ifndef actually tests prevents subtle multiple-definition errors. Given Data / Assumptions: #ifndef stands for “if not defined”. Defined/undefined status refers to preprocessor macros created with #define or via compiler options. Preprocessor activity occurs before type checking or object instantiation. Concept / Approach: #ifndef SYMBOL checks whether the macro SYMBOL is not currently defined. Typical pattern: #ifndef HEADER_NAME #define HEADER_NAME ... header content ... #endif It does not test runtime values, class existence, object creation, or namespace declarations. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify the entity #ifndef operates on → macros/preprocessor symbols.Relate to header guards that prevent multiple inclusion.Therefore, #ifndef tests whether a macro has been defined; if not, the guarded code is included. Verification / Alternative check: Compile a project with and without a macro defined via -DMYFLAG; #ifndef MYFLAG will include code only when MYFLAG is not set. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Header included: Inclusion is managed via macros in guards, but #ifndef itself checks the macro, not history of inclusion. Runtime variable value: Preprocessor cannot see runtime state. Class instantiation or namespace declaration: These are compile-time language constructs after preprocessing. Common Pitfalls: Misspelling guard macros, leading to ineffective guards. Confusing #ifdef with #ifndef; the former checks if defined, the latter if not defined. Final Answer: a macro (preprocessor symbol) has been defined

Question 16

Minimum requirement for an object-oriented language: which capability must the language provide to be considered object-oriented in practice?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Object-oriented programming (OOP) emphasizes modeling with objects and relationships. Core features typically cited are encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Among the listed choices, we select the capability that is essential to OOP and distinguishes it from purely procedural languages. Given Data / Assumptions: We evaluate language features from an OOP perspective. Some options are unrelated to OOP (e.g., preprocessor includes). We look for the answer that is genuinely characteristic of OOP. Concept / Approach: Inheritance enables a class to derive behavior and state from another, supporting hierarchies and reuse. Functions returning one value are a general programming notion, not OOP-specific. #include pertains to source composition in C/C++, not OOP. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify OOP hallmark among options → inheritance.Eliminate distractors unrelated to OOP.Conclude that “inheritance” is the minimum requirement listed that aligns with OOP. Verification / Alternative check: Languages regarded as OOP (C++, Java, C#) support inheritance and polymorphism; procedural languages without inheritance are not considered OOP. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Single-value returns: Common across paradigms; not an OOP criterion. #include files: Preprocessing mechanism; not part of OOP semantics. All of the above: False because only one choice is relevant to OOP. Common Pitfalls: Confusing language build mechanisms with OOP features. Assuming encapsulation alone implies OOP—even encapsulation without inheritance/polymorphism is often viewed as “object-based.” Final Answer: inheritance

Question 17

C++ inheritance lookup: when a child (derived) class function is called on an object, where does the compiler look first for a matching function signature/name?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Name lookup and overload resolution in C++ proceed from the most specific scope outward. When invoking a member function on an object, the compiler tries to bind the call by first considering members of the object’s own (most-derived) class, then searching base classes as needed. This ordering affects which overload is chosen or whether a base member is hidden. Given Data / Assumptions: Single or multiple inheritance may be present. Virtual dispatch is a runtime concept; name lookup and overload resolution occur at compile time. The question asks about the starting point of lookup, not virtual override binding. Concept / Approach: Unqualified member lookup begins in the class of the object expression. If not found, lookup proceeds to immediate base classes, then further bases. Derived-class declarations can hide base-class members of the same name. Step-by-Step Solution: Given obj.f(), search starts in type(obj).If no match, move to direct base(s), then ascend the hierarchy.Therefore, the first search location is the class of the object using the function name. Verification / Alternative check: Test with a derived class redefining f(): the derived definition is chosen; removing it exposes the base version—confirming lookup order. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Immediate ancestor/base class: Searched only if not found in the object’s class. Descendant class: More derived than the current type does not exist for that object. None of the above: Incorrect because option A is precise. Common Pitfalls: Confusing compile-time lookup with runtime virtual dispatch (which chooses the most-derived override at runtime). Forgetting that derived declarations can hide base overloads unless using-declarations are introduced. Final Answer: class of the object using the function name

Question 18

Analogy check in OOP: a blueprint is to a widget as which concept is to an object?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Analogies help solidify object-oriented terminology. In OOP, classes define the structure and behavior (the “blueprint”), while objects are concrete instances created from that blueprint. Mapping this vocabulary correctly ensures clear communication and accurate mental models when designing systems. Given Data / Assumptions: A “widget” is a hypothetical product. A “blueprint” defines how to build a widget. In OOP, a class defines how to build objects (instances). Concept / Approach: Blueprint → specification; Widget → built instance. Class → specification; Object → instantiated entity. Therefore, class maps to blueprint, and object maps to widget. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify roles: blueprint (definition) vs widget (instance).Match to OOP: class (definition) vs object (instance).Hence the analogy: blueprint : widget :: class : object. Verification / Alternative check: Consider multiple objects (many widgets) from one class (single blueprint), reinforcing the analogy. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Member function/operator: Behaviors within a class, not the class itself. Data item: A field within an object, not the class blueprint. None of the above: Incorrect because “a class” fits perfectly. Common Pitfalls: Reversing the analogy—treating an object as the blueprint. Confusing classes (types) with modules or namespaces. Final Answer: a class

Question 19

C++ strings: what character does the language append automatically to the end of a string literal constant (e.g., "Hello")?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In C and C++, a string literal such as "Hello" is stored as an array of characters terminated by a special character. Recognizing this terminator is crucial when working with C-style strings, pointer arithmetic, standard library functions like strlen, and interfacing with APIs that expect null-terminated strings. Given Data / Assumptions: String literals are compile-time constants of array type (e.g., const char[6] for "Hello"). Most C library string functions rely on a sentinel terminator. We are not referring to std::string objects (which manage size separately). Concept / Approach: The terminator is the null character, written as '\0' and having value 0. It marks the end of the sequence for functions that process C strings. It is automatically appended after the last character of a string literal. Step-by-Step Solution: Take "Hi": underlying storage is {'H', 'i', '\0'}.For "Hello": storage is 6 chars → 'H' 'e' 'l' 'l' 'o' '\0'.Therefore, the automatically appended character is the null character. Verification / Alternative check: sizeof("Hello") equals 6 (including terminator) while strlen("Hello") equals 5 (excluding terminator), confirming presence of '\0'. Why Other Options Are Wrong: a space / # / *: None of these are special terminators in C/C++ strings. None of the above: Incorrect because the null character is the correct terminator. Common Pitfalls: Forgetting the terminator when allocating buffers, causing off-by-one errors. Confusing std::string length with C-string length and storage. Final Answer: a null character

Question 20

In C/C++ control flow, what is the role of the break statement inside a switch selection statement, and is its use mandatory or optional for each case?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Control flow in C and C++ often uses switch statements to select one of many branches based on an integral or enumeration value. Understanding how the break statement works inside switch is a fundamental competency, because it determines whether control 'falls through' to subsequent case labels or exits the switch block immediately. Given Data / Assumptions: The context is a C or C++ switch statement with one or more case labels and an optional default label. The behavior of break is the standard language behavior; no compiler extensions are assumed. We focus on correctness and readability of typical application code. Concept / Approach: Within a switch statement, execution starts at the first matching case label and then continues sequentially. The break statement terminates the switch, transferring control to the statement following the switch block. If break is omitted intentionally, execution falls through to the next case label, which can be useful for grouped behavior. Therefore, break is not mandatory; it is optional but commonly used to prevent unintended fall-through. Step-by-Step Solution: Identify the matched case label from the switch expression.If a break statement is encountered during that case's block, exit the switch immediately.If break is not present, control continues into the next case label (fall-through) until a break or the end of the switch is reached.Thus, using break is optional; its presence changes control transfer, not language validity. Verification / Alternative check: Compile and run a small example where one case omits break and observe that subsequent case code executes. Add break and verify that execution stops at the end of the case block, demonstrating the optional nature of break. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Compulsory: False; the language allows fall-through when break is omitted. Not allowed / gives an error: Break is standard and valid inside switch. To check an error: Break does not perform error checking; it controls flow. None of the above: Incorrect because break is optional. Common Pitfalls: Unintentional fall-through causes logic bugs. Use explicit break or a comment/attribute indicating intentional fall-through to improve clarity. Final Answer: optional.

Object Oriented Programming Using C++ Questions