Paint technology—pigments: Which of the following are commonly used color pigments/fillers in architectural and protective paints?

Introduction / Context:

Pigments impart color, opacity, and sometimes corrosion resistance to paints. Recognizing common inorganic and carbon-based pigments helps in specifying coatings for aesthetic and functional performance.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Focus on widely used economical pigments.
• Binders and solvents are outside the scope; only pigments/fillers are considered.
• Safety and colorfastness considerations apply as typical.

Concept / Approach:

Iron oxides (red, yellow, black) offer excellent durability and UV stability. Carbon black and lamp black (a form of carbon black) provide deep black coloration and tinting strength. Ambers (natural earth pigments) deliver warm browns/yellows and good lightfastness. All are standard in architectural and protective paint formulations, making the inclusive option correct.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Formulary references and product datasheets for primers/topcoats routinely include these pigments for color and hiding power.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Selecting any single pigment ignores the others that are equally common in practice; the question clearly allows multiple correct choices consolidated by ‘‘all the above.’’

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing pigment with dye; pigments are insoluble particulates dispersed in the binder.

Final Answer:

all the above