Portland cement quality control: which set of tests is essentially conducted to ensure acceptable performance before cement is used in construction?

Introduction / Context:
Cement must meet codal requirements before acceptance. Multiple properties govern construction performance, so a suite of essential tests is performed for quality control.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Applicable standards include IS 4031 series.
• We assess which tests are essential rather than optional.

Concept / Approach:
Consistency sets the baseline water content; setting time ensures workable handling; soundness confirms volume stability; strength tests (including tensile or flexural as proxies) confirm mechanical performance. Therefore, all listed are essential for quality control.

Step-by-Step Solution:
List essential properties: consistency, setting time, soundness, strength.Map each to standard test methods.Conclude: all of the above are required.

Verification / Alternative check:
Acceptance criteria in IS 269 and IS 4031 require these properties to comply with limits.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Choosing any single test ignores other mandatory properties.

Common Pitfalls:

• Assuming compressive strength alone suffices; unsound cement fails in service even if strong initially.

Final Answer:
all the above