Which of the following operations is outside the scope of a Business Intelligence (BI) reporting system that reads from data warehouses and data marts? Select the single best answer.

Introduction / Context:
BI reporting systems are primarily read-oriented: they aggregate, filter, and present data for decision-making. Distinguishing read-only operations from write operations helps maintain data integrity in analytical stores.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Source: data warehouse/mart optimized for reads.
• BI reports perform queries and aggregations.
• No transactional updates should occur from the reporting layer.

Concept / Approach:

Reporting tools run SELECT queries with filters, groups, and calculations. Data modification (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE) belongs to ETL/ELT processes, data quality operations, or transactional systems—not to end-user reporting interfaces.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Enterprise BI platforms enforce read-only connections to warehouses in production; write access is restricted to ETL or admin roles.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Filter: core reporting function. Group: essential for aggregates. “Both filter and group” contradicts BI purpose.

Common Pitfalls:

Allowing ad-hoc users write permissions to analytics stores; mixing OLTP updates with analytical schemas (star/snowflake models).

Final Answer:

Modify data