Batch distillation with constant reflux: How does the distillate (overhead) composition change with time during a batch run at constant reflux ratio?

Introduction / Context:
In batch distillation, a still is charged once and operated while compositions evolve. Even with a fixed reflux ratio, the composition of the distillate stream changes over time as the charge in the pot becomes depleted in the more volatile component.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Constant reflux ratio (L/D fixed).
• Ideal operation without holdup anomalies.
• Binary or light-key focused multicomponent mixture.

Concept / Approach:
At the start, the batch contains a higher fraction of the light component, producing a richer top product. As distillation proceeds, the pot composition becomes heavier, reducing the equilibrium vapor richness and, consequently, the instantaneous distillate composition. Thus, x_D(t) monotonically declines.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Early time: pot rich in light key → high y at top → high distillate purity.As time passes: light key removed → pot x decreases.Vapor–liquid equilibrium ensures y at the top follows pot composition trend.Therefore, overhead composition decreases with time at constant reflux.

Verification / Alternative check:
Rayleigh equation for batch distillation predicts a changing pot composition with time; stagewise models show declining top composition for fixed reflux when the pot progressively heavies.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
'Increases' would require enrichment of the light key in the pot, which does not occur.

'Does not vary' is incompatible with changing pot composition.

'May increase or decrease' is not typical for the standard case; monotonic decrease is expected.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing constant reflux with constant distillate composition; the latter requires composition control or variable reflux.
• Ignoring tray holdup or finite condenser dynamics—second-order effects that do not change the overall trend.

Final Answer:
Decreases