Assertion–Reason (Rivers of the Himalaya):\nAssertion (A): Most Himalayan rivers are perennial.\nReason (R): They are fed by melting snow.

Introduction / Context:
This geography question examines why Himalayan rivers maintain flow year-round.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Perennial means flowing throughout the year.
• Reason attributes base supply to melting snow/ice.

Concept / Approach:
Himalayan rivers (e.g., Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra tributaries) originate in high-altitude snowfields and glaciers. Seasonal meltwater, combined with monsoon rainfall, sustains discharge even outside rainy months, making them perennial. Peninsular rivers, by contrast, are more rain-fed and can be seasonal in stretches.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) A: True—major Himalayan rivers flow year-round.2) R: True—glacial and snow melt provide sustained baseflow.3) R explains A: the melt source underpins perennial character.

Verification / Alternative check:
Hydrographs of snow/glacier-fed rivers show significant dry-season baseflow compared to purely rain-fed rivers.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
They deny well-established hydrology.

Common Pitfalls:
Overgeneralizing to all Indian rivers or ignoring monsoon contributions.

Final Answer:
Both A and R are true, and R explains A.