Pipeline installation practice in civil engineering: Asbestos–cement (A.C.) pipes for water supply and sewer rising mains are generally installed in which orientation for proper alignment, bedding, and jointing?

Introduction / Context:

Asbestos–cement (A.C.) pipes were historically used for water distribution and pump rising mains. Understanding standard laying orientation helps ensure structural adequacy, hydraulic performance, and joint integrity along a pipeline route.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The question asks the usual or general laying orientation of A.C. pipes.
• Typical pipeline works aim to maintain uniform gradients and bedding support.
• Joints (e.g., spigot-and-socket) are designed for axial alignment.

Concept / Approach:

Linear pipelines are constructed along a designed alignment and gradient. To achieve self-cleansing velocities (for sewers) and minimize headloss (for water mains), the pipeline is laid on continuous horizontal or gently graded alignments. Vertical installation is not practical for continuous flows or for jointed rigid pipes, and steep angles would induce joint stress and support issues.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Practical construction manuals depict trench excavation with uniform bedding; pipes are aligned horizontally with slight slopes as specified by hydraulic design.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Vertically / 30° / 60° / random incline: Not used for linear conveyance; causes joint stress, air locking, and support difficulties.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing local gradient (a few per-mille) with “angle” laying. Even with a gradient, the practical orientation is essentially horizontal along the alignment.

Final Answer:

horizontally