In archaeal cell walls, peptidoglycan is typically absent. Instead, many archaea use a pseudo-peptidoglycan (pseudomurein). Which combination correctly identifies its main sugar backbone component and the stereochemistry of its peptide amino acids?

Introduction / Context:
Archaea differ fundamentally from Bacteria in their cell envelope chemistry. Many archaeal lineages lack classic bacterial peptidoglycan and instead possess a related polymer called pseudo-peptidoglycan (pseudomurein). Knowing its building blocks helps distinguish the three domains of life in microbiology exams and research.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We are comparing cell wall polymers: bacterial peptidoglycan versus archaeal pseudomurein.
• We must identify the primary sugar and the chirality of amino acids in the peptide portion.
• Answer choices intentionally mix bacterial and archaeal features.

Concept / Approach:
Bacterial peptidoglycan uses N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), linked by beta(1,4) bonds, and typically contains D-amino acids in short peptide cross-links. In contrast, archaeal pseudomurein uses N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid (NAT), linked by beta(1,3) bonds, and commonly incorporates L-amino acids in its peptides.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Standard microbiology texts describe archaeal cell walls lacking muramic acid and lysozyme sensitivity (lysozyme cleaves beta(1,4) bonds of bacterial peptidoglycan, not the beta(1,3) of pseudomurein). This aligns with NAT + L-amino acids.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Options A & B (NAM ...): NAM is bacterial, not archaeal pseudomurein. Option C (NAT + D-amino acids): D-amino acids are characteristic of bacterial peptidoglycan cross-links, not typical for pseudomurein.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing N-acetylmuramic acid (bacterial) with N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid (archaeal), and assuming D-amino acids are universal in cell walls.

Final Answer:
N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid and L-amino acids