Immortalizing antigen-specific lymphocytes: Which method(s) can be used to render antigen-specific lymphocytes immortal for monoclonal antibody production?
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ATransfection with tumor-derived DNA to confer immortality
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BHybridization (cell fusion) with an appropriate lymphoid tumor cell
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CTransformation following infection by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)
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DAll of the above
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ENone of the above
Answer
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation
Introduction / Context:A key challenge in monoclonal antibody production is that primary antigen-specific lymphocytes are short-lived. Several laboratory strategies confer immortality while preserving antigen specificity, enabling stable antibody secretion and clonal expansion.
Given Data / Assumptions:
- Tumor cell lines provide replicative immortality that can be transferred by fusion or, experimentally, by genetic means.
- EBV naturally transforms human B cells into proliferating lymphoblastoid cells.
- Hybridoma formation remains a gold standard for stable monoclonal secretion.
Concept / Approach:Immortalization can be achieved by (1) hybridizing antigen-specific lymphocytes with myeloma/plasmacytoma partners, (2) transforming B cells with EBV, and (3) introducing oncogenic or immortalizing elements via tumor-derived DNA. Each approach has trade-offs in stability, efficiency, and safety considerations, but all are recognized in immunotechnology contexts.
Step-by-Step Solution:
List recognized methods → fusion, EBV transformation, genetic immortalization.Confirm each method enables continuous proliferation.Select the inclusive option.Verification / Alternative check:Historical literature documents successful antibody-secreting lines via EBV, hybridomas, and genetic immortalization strategies.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Any single method alone is incomplete; the question asks for methods (plural) that apply.None of the above contradicts well-established techniques.Common Pitfalls:Assuming hybridoma is the only path; multiple immortalization strategies exist and are taught.
Final Answer:All of the above.