Immortalizing antigen-specific lymphocytes: Which method(s) can be used to render antigen-specific lymphocytes immortal for monoclonal antibody production?

Introduction / Context:
A key challenge in monoclonal antibody production is that primary antigen-specific lymphocytes are short-lived. Several laboratory strategies confer immortality while preserving antigen specificity, enabling stable antibody secretion and clonal expansion.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Tumor cell lines provide replicative immortality that can be transferred by fusion or, experimentally, by genetic means.
• EBV naturally transforms human B cells into proliferating lymphoblastoid cells.
• Hybridoma formation remains a gold standard for stable monoclonal secretion.

Concept / Approach:
Immortalization can be achieved by (1) hybridizing antigen-specific lymphocytes with myeloma/plasmacytoma partners, (2) transforming B cells with EBV, and (3) introducing oncogenic or immortalizing elements via tumor-derived DNA. Each approach has trade-offs in stability, efficiency, and safety considerations, but all are recognized in immunotechnology contexts.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Historical literature documents successful antibody-secreting lines via EBV, hybridomas, and genetic immortalization strategies.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming hybridoma is the only path; multiple immortalization strategies exist and are taught.

Final Answer:
All of the above.