Compared with a plate-and-frame filter press, a shell-and-leaf (pressure leaf) filter typically offers which combination of advantages in operation?

Introduction / Context:
Filter selection balances labor, pressure capability, washing efficiency, and ease of cake discharge. Pressure leaf (shell-and-leaf) designs differ significantly from plate-and-frame presses.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Vertical or horizontal pressure leaf units are considered.
• Batch operation with precoat or body feed possible.

Concept / Approach:
Pressure leaf filters provide enclosed operation at relatively high pressures, allow uniform cake washing by spray or reslurry, and often require less manual labor than opening and cleaning a plate-and-frame press. Cake discharge can be automated by vibration or sluicing.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Assess labor: leaf filters minimize manual plate handling.Assess pressure: designed for high-pressure service.Assess washing: improved access to cake surfaces and spray washing.

Verification / Alternative check:
Manufacturer literature highlights reduced OPEX and improved CIP/cleanability for pressure leaf units.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Single benefits only: understates the combined advantages.

Common Pitfalls:
Comparing only cloth cost without considering labor downtime for press opening/closing.

Final Answer:
All (a), (b) & (c)