Automated IPv4 client configuration: which protocol assigns IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS information dynamically?

Introduction / Context:
Modern networks use dynamic configuration so hosts can join with minimal manual setup. The protocol responsible for leasing addresses and providing additional parameters (mask, gateway, DNS) is a cornerstone of enterprise networking and home routers alike.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Needed parameters: IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, DNS servers.
• We compare common protocols: SMTP, SNMP, DHCP, ARP.

Concept / Approach:
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) performs IP address allocation and options delivery using a client–server model (typically via UDP ports 67/68). Alternatives listed do different jobs: SMTP handles email, SNMP handles management, ARP resolves link-local MAC addresses.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
On a client, ipconfig/renew (Windows) or dhclient (Linux) demonstrates DHCP obtaining all listed parameters automatically from a DHCP server.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
SMTP: Email transport.
SNMP: Monitoring/management, not address assignment.
ARP: Resolves IP→MAC on local link; no configuration distribution.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing ARP with DHCP because both operate early in host lifecycle; ARP is link-layer resolution, DHCP is network configuration.

Final Answer:
DHCP