Air-entrained concrete — design adjustments and property changes When proportioning an air-entrained concrete mix, which of the following are generally true?

Introduction / Context:
Air entrainment intentionally creates microscopic, well-dispersed air voids that improve freeze–thaw durability and workability. This has implications on mixture proportions and strength that the designer must account for explicitly.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Air contents in the typical range (e.g., 4–6% for moderate exposure).
• Normal-strength concrete with conventional aggregates.
• Objective: maintain workability and target strength while achieving durability.

Concept / Approach:

Entrained air improves workability, allowing a reduction in mixing water at the same slump; hence w/c can be lowered. Because air occupies volume, aggregate proportions (especially fine aggregate) are adjusted downward. Mix design sheets include an explicit air allowance. However, at equal w/c and cement content, the presence of air voids slightly reduces compressive strength; strength adjustments are typically made to compensate.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Empirical relations show strength reduction per percent of entrained air; standard mix design procedures include air as a separate parameter.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Any single choice omits other true consequences of air entrainment.

Common Pitfalls:

• Not adjusting total aggregate and paste volumes, leading to segregation or harsh mixes.

Final Answer:

All of the above.