Vitamin A deficiency outcomes Which of the following is a well-known clinical consequence of vitamin A deficiency in humans?

Introduction / Context:
Vitamin A deficiency is a major cause of preventable childhood blindness worldwide. Recognizing the hallmark outcome helps prioritize nutritional interventions and public health measures.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Vitamin A is required for vision (rhodopsin cycle) and epithelial health in the eye.
• Severe deficiency leads to xerophthalmia, corneal ulceration, keratomalacia, and ultimately blindness.
• Other listed conditions are associated with different vitamins or etiologies (e.g., vitamin K for clotting).

Concept / Approach:
Connect vitamin A’s role in ocular physiology to clinical outcomes. While early deficiency causes night blindness, advanced disease can culminate in irreversible blindness if untreated.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the vitamin: A (retinol/retinal/retinoic acid).Recall the progression: night blindness → xerosis → Bitot’s spots → corneal involvement → blindness.Select “Blindness” as a recognized consequence.

Verification / Alternative check:
WHO public health data highlight vitamin A supplementation as a key strategy to prevent blindness and reduce childhood mortality in deficiency-prone regions.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Osteoporosis: more closely linked to calcium/vitamin D imbalance (although hypervitaminosis A can affect bone, that is not deficiency).Impaired taste perception: nonspecific and not a defining vitamin A deficiency hallmark.Impaired blood clotting: classically due to vitamin K deficiency.Gingival bleeding: characteristic of vitamin C deficiency (scurvy).

Common Pitfalls:
Mixing vitamin deficiency manifestations (A vs C vs K); assuming all fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies share identical outcomes.

Final Answer:
Blindness.