Information Systems – What do they do and how are they used? Which statement correctly describes the role and nature of an information system and its outputs for decision-making?

Introduction / Context:
From enterprise IT to geographic information systems, information systems integrate data, processes, tools, and outputs to support decisions. The ultimate purpose is not data storage alone but actionable insight for planning, monitoring, and control.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Generic information system encompassing acquisition-to-decision pipeline.
• Geospatial products (for example, maps) considered as structured outputs.
• Users require improved decision quality and timeliness.

Concept / Approach:

An information system carries data through a chain: capture, processing, analysis, storage, retrieval, visualization, and dissemination. Products like maps or dashboards summarize analysed data and become decision artefacts for users across domains such as urban planning, agriculture, or logistics. Therefore, statements about improved decision ability, chain of operations, and maps as stored, analysed information are consistent and complementary.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Systems analysis frameworks (for example, input–process–output) and GIS literature both emphasise these roles.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

“None of the above” contradicts established definitions.

Common Pitfalls:

Equating information systems with raw databases; undervaluing analysis and visualization components; ignoring user needs.

Final Answer:

All the above