Compiler pipeline — phases: Which of the following are standard phases in a compilation process?

Introduction / Context:
Compilers transform source programs into target code through a series of well-defined phases. Recognizing these phases helps developers understand diagnostics, optimization opportunities, and tool behavior.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Front end phases include lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and semantic checks.
• Back end phases include optimization and code generation.
• Terminology may vary, but core functions are common across compilers.

Concept / Approach:

Lexical analysis tokenizes character streams into tokens. Code generation emits target code (machine code or intermediate forms). While “static analysis” is sometimes a broader term for compile-time checks, the question asks which listed items are compilation phases, and both lexical analysis and code generation are canonical phases.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Compiler textbooks outline these phases explicitly, with examples from widely used compilers such as GCC and LLVM.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Lexical analysis alone / Code generation alone: Incomplete.
• Static analysis: Often overlaps semantic checks but the option as a stand-alone choice here is used as a distractor.
• None of the above: False, as both are valid phases.

Common Pitfalls:

Confusing lexical analysis with parsing; equating static analysis tools (linters) with compiler internals, though they share techniques.

Final Answer:

Both of the above