Marketing term — software bundling: In personal computing, what does the practice of "bundling" typically refer to?

Introduction / Context:
Vendors often package additional items with a computer to increase perceived value, differentiate offerings, or encourage adoption of a software ecosystem. This practice is widely called bundling in retail and OEM channels.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Computers are sold with preinstalled operating systems and applications.
• The added software may be licensed at low or no apparent cost to the buyer.
• The term focuses on inclusion with purchase, not separate sale.

Concept / Approach:

Bundling describes including software (and sometimes services) with a hardware purchase at no additional line-item cost, typically preinstalled or provided as redemption codes. The strategy increases usability out of the box and can promote specific applications or platforms.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Retail listings often advertise “bundled software” such as office suites, antivirus trials, or media editors preinstalled on new computers.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Selling computers alone: Opposite of bundling.
• Selling peripherals with the computer: That is a hardware bundle, but the common textbook use here refers to software inclusion; option D is the more precise match.
• Selling software to run on computers: That is normal retail sale, not bundling with purchase.
• None of the above: Incorrect because software bundling is well known.

Common Pitfalls:

Confusing promotional software bundles with trialware; assuming bundled items are free of licensing terms—often they are time-limited or OEM-licensed.

Final Answer:

giving away software with a computer purchase