Flow pattern classification: which of the following impeller designs primarily provide radial flow (i.e., discharge perpendicular to the shaft)?

Introduction:
Impellers are often categorized by the predominant discharge direction they create in a tank. Radial-flow impellers discharge fluid outward from the blade tips perpendicular to the shaft, creating strong shear and good gas dispersion but less axial circulation than axial-flow designs.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Paddle impellers are simple flat elements, primarily radial at moderate to high Re.
• Flat blade turbines and Rushton-type disk turbines are canonical radial-flow devices.
• Marine propellers are axial-flow and serve as a distractor.

Concept / Approach:
Radial-flow devices maximize shear near the impeller, enhancing dispersion of gas and breaking up aggregates; axial devices excel at bulk circulation and solids suspension. Among the options, paddles, flat blade turbines, and disk flat blade turbines all give radial discharge patterns.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify radial-flow exemplars: paddles, flat blade turbines, Rushton (disk flat blade) turbines.Exclude axial propellers from the set.Choose the inclusive option covering all listed radial devices.

Verification / Alternative check:
Mixing texts and vendor diagrams classify these impellers as radial-flow; propellers are axial-flow for comparison.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Marine propellers: Predominantly axial flow, not radial.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming blade pitch alone defines flow; geometry and shrouding (disk) also govern discharge direction.

Final Answer:
All of the above