In database administration for enterprise systems, which responsibilities typically fall under a Database Administrator (DBA), covering day-to-day operations and long-term stewardship?

Introduction / Context:
A Database Administrator (DBA) is accountable for the reliability, performance, security, and recoverability of database systems that support business applications. This role spans proactive planning (such as capacity and schema design) and reactive operations (such as monitoring and backup/restore), ensuring that service-level objectives are consistently met.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The question lists core activities associated with database operations and governance.
• We assume a multi-user environment where availability, integrity, and performance matter.
• The DBA coordinates across teams, not just with the technology stack.

Concept / Approach:

A comprehensive DBA function encompasses design (logical and physical), performance monitoring and tuning (indexes, execution plans, memory/IO), backup and recovery strategies (full/incremental, point-in-time, testing restores), and user coordination (access provisioning, change windows, communication). Because modern databases are mission-critical, each listed responsibility is essential to minimize risk and downtime.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Standard DBA job descriptions and ITIL/DevOps practices include all four areas to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) alongside performance SLAs.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Any single item alone understates the role; DBAs must deliver a complete, integrated service.

Common Pitfalls:

Separating design from operations entirely. In practice, design decisions drive performance and recoverability; DBAs should be involved early.

Final Answer:

All of the above