Which column(s) is/are strictly required in a properly designed relational table from a logical modeling perspective?

Introduction / Context:
Every relation (table) should have a way to uniquely identify each row. This uniqueness requirement underpins keys, indexing, and referential integrity.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The question asks what is required in a table design.
• We are considering logical design best practice (and most physical implementations).

Concept / Approach:
A primary key is the designated candidate key that uniquely identifies each row. While a surrogate key is a common implementation of a primary key, it is not required specifically—natural keys can serve. Foreign keys and alternate keys are optional depending on relationships and additional uniqueness needs.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Normalization theory and most DBMS tools expect a primary key for each base table to ensure integrity and support indexing.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Foreign key: Only required if the table participates as child in a relationship.
Alternate key: Useful but optional.
Surrogate key: One way to implement a primary key, but not mandatory.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming every primary key must be surrogate; sometimes a stable natural key is better.

Final Answer:
A primary key